Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) ›› 2022, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (1): 25-48.DOI: 10.1007/s40195-021-01326-x
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Naying An1, Sansan Shuai1(), Tao Hu1, Chaoyue Chen1, Jiang Wang1(), Zhongming Ren1()
Received:
2021-05-31
Revised:
2021-08-13
Accepted:
2021-08-17
Online:
2022-01-10
Published:
2021-10-09
Contact:
Sansan Shuai,Jiang Wang,Zhongming Ren
About author:
Zhongming Ren, zmren@staff.shu.edu.cnNaying An, Sansan Shuai, Tao Hu, Chaoyue Chen, Jiang Wang, Zhongming Ren. Application of Synchrotron X-Ray Imaging and Diffraction in Additive Manufacturing: A Review[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2022, 35(1): 25-48.
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Fig. 4 CP-Ti implants with different porosity (P): a photographs, P?=?23%; b micro-CT images, P?=?41%; c SEM, P?=?61%; d optical micrographs, P?=?76% [20]
Fig. 8 Examples of XCT datasets. a Ti6Al4V sample with a voxel size of 9.9 μm; b the edge and the center of the same sample with a voxel size of 2.1 μm [39]
Fig. 9 CT view of porosity varying with the direction of construction. a, b : two directions and c one cropped view to emphasize the directionality of the porosity trails [42]
Fig. 13 a Peak 1 sample fabricated with Ip?=?200 A and Ib?=?60 A; b an original scan tomogram of the red area in a ; c the reconstructed image of the blue area in b ; for better visualization, d the image of c without the SSPs; e the image of the yellow area in d [52]
Fig. 14 a Aspect ratio (AR) and sphericity visualization of defects gathered from micro-CT results using software for Ti6Al4V AM250 and M290 annealed specimens; b aspect ratio (AR) and circularity visualization of defects observed during optical microscopy [53]
Fig. 16 Results from a high porosity SS316L specimen. a 3D rendering of the segmented void distribution for high-porosity AM SS sample before mechanical testing (left) and just before catastrophic failure (right); b tomographic images at different load and displacements during tensile loading [59]
Fig. 17 a XCT view of the broken tensile sample along the x-axis; b dual-view of the broken tensile sample with the fracture surface at the top part and the 3D void distribution at the bottom part. c, d: Two different views of two slices of the fracture surface and the projection of voids on the (XY) plane [61]
Fig. 18 Snapshots from 3D microtomography reconstructions: a-g crack propagation corresponding to the seven tomography scans; h crack elevation at various locations [63]
Fig. 19. Three-dimensional reconstruction results of the crack and the fracture morphology of in situ fatigue specimen. a 3D XCT of fracture schematic; b 3D rendering of defects and crack propagation after 1850 cycle; c the fatigue fracture morphology of the specimen at the maximum stress of 1175 MPa; d the result of 3D drawing is projected along the direction of principal stress, with yellow representing the crack, blue representing the defect, and red representing the crack surface defect [65]
Fig. 21 Dynamic X-ray images of laser powder bed fusion processes of Ti6Al4V. The laser powers are 520 W. The laser beam size is?~?220 µm (1/e2). The powder particle size is in the range of 5-45 µm, and the powder layer thickness is?~?100 µm. The numbers indicate the time nodes. The laser is turned ON at t?=?0, and continues to heat the sample till t?=?1000 µs. The raw data were taken with a frame rate of 50 kHz. The exposure time for each individual image is 350 ns. All the scale bars are 200 µm [73]
Fig. 26 a Schematic representation of the regions probed during the in situ XRD experiments; b room temperature X-ray diffraction patterns; c diffraction pattern of the HAZ at 150 °C [100]
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