Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) ›› 2023, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (5): 717-731.DOI: 10.1007/s40195-023-01530-x
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Xian Zhang1(), Li Gong1, Yanpeng Feng2, Zhihui Wang1, Miao Yang2, Lin Cheng1, Jing Liu1, Kaiming Wu1
Revised:
2022-09-06
Accepted:
2022-11-05
Online:
2023-02-07
Published:
2023-02-07
Contact:
Xian Zhang
Xian Zhang, Li Gong, Yanpeng Feng, Zhihui Wang, Miao Yang, Lin Cheng, Jing Liu, Kaiming Wu. Effect of Retained Austenite on Corrosion Behavior of Ultrafine Bainitic Steel in Marine Environment[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2023, 36(5): 717-731.
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C | Si | Mn | Mo | Cr | Al | Nb + V + Ti | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.59 | 1.54 | 2.00 | 0.28 | 1.03 | 0.04 | 0.12 | Bal. |
Table 1 Chemical composition of the ultrafine bainitic steel (wt%)
C | Si | Mn | Mo | Cr | Al | Nb + V + Ti | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.59 | 1.54 | 2.00 | 0.28 | 1.03 | 0.04 | 0.12 | Bal. |
Yield strength (MPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation (%) | Impact toughness (J) | Rockwell hardness (HAC) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
One-step bainitic steel | 1189 | 1431 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 51.4 |
Two-step bainitic steel | 1480 | 1827 | 8.1 | 5.3 | 45.9 |
Table 2 Mechanical properties of ultrafine bainitic steels
Yield strength (MPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation (%) | Impact toughness (J) | Rockwell hardness (HAC) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
One-step bainitic steel | 1189 | 1431 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 51.4 |
Two-step bainitic steel | 1480 | 1827 | 8.1 | 5.3 | 45.9 |
Fig. 2 TEM bright field images (left and middle rows), dark field images and electron diffraction patterns (right row) of one-step bainitic steel a-c and two-step bainitic steel d-f
BF | Film RA | Block RA | |
---|---|---|---|
One-step bainitic steel | 226.8 ± 44.8 | 55.4 ± 16.8 | 518.7 ± 95.9 |
Two-step bainitic steel | 151.2 ± 70.1 | 38.8 ± 10.7 | - |
Table 3 Thickness of BF and RA (nm)
BF | Film RA | Block RA | |
---|---|---|---|
One-step bainitic steel | 226.8 ± 44.8 | 55.4 ± 16.8 | 518.7 ± 95.9 |
Two-step bainitic steel | 151.2 ± 70.1 | 38.8 ± 10.7 | - |
i0 (A cm−2) | E0 (V) | |
---|---|---|
One-step bainitic steel | 2.85 × 10-5 | − 0.59 |
Two-step bainitic steel | 4.52 × 10-6 | − 0.41 |
Table 4 Tafel fitting parameters of the polarization curves
i0 (A cm−2) | E0 (V) | |
---|---|---|
One-step bainitic steel | 2.85 × 10-5 | − 0.59 |
Two-step bainitic steel | 4.52 × 10-6 | − 0.41 |
One-step bainitic steel | Two-step bainitic steel | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fitting value | Error% | χ2 | Fitting value | Error% | χ2 | |
RS (Ω·cm2) | 41.82 | 1.54 | 1.78 × 10-3 | 40.06 | 1.37 | 9.73 × 10-4 |
Y0 (S secn cm−2) | 9.84 × 10-4 | 2.59 | 1.01 × 10-3 | 1.76 | ||
N | 0.80 | 0.98 | 0.81 | 0.85 | ||
Rct(Ω·cm2) | 886.90 | 2.79 | 1420.00 | 3.87 |
Table 5 Electrochemical parameters deduced by EIS method
One-step bainitic steel | Two-step bainitic steel | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fitting value | Error% | χ2 | Fitting value | Error% | χ2 | |
RS (Ω·cm2) | 41.82 | 1.54 | 1.78 × 10-3 | 40.06 | 1.37 | 9.73 × 10-4 |
Y0 (S secn cm−2) | 9.84 × 10-4 | 2.59 | 1.01 × 10-3 | 1.76 | ||
N | 0.80 | 0.98 | 0.81 | 0.85 | ||
Rct(Ω·cm2) | 886.90 | 2.79 | 1420.00 | 3.87 |
Fig. 11 EBSD analysis of one-step bainitic steels a, b and two-step bainitic steel c, d. a and d Optical images, b and e IPF maps, c, f kernel average misorientation (KAM) maps
Crystallographic plane | Local potential (eV) | E-fermi (eV) | WF = LP-E-fermi (eV) | Surface energy (J/m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fe-BCC (100) | 5.640 | 1.100 | 4.540 | 0.400 |
Fe-BCC (110) | 6.970 | 1.850 | 5.120 | 0.340 |
Fe-BCC (111) | 4.020 | - 0.300 | 4.320 | 0.410 |
Fe-FCC (100) | 5.670 | 0.801 | 4.869 | 0.214 |
Fe-FCC (110) | 4.400 | - 0.031 | 4.431 | 0.207 |
Fe-FCC (111) | 6.290 | 1.101 | 5.189 | 0.176 |
Table 6 Work function and surface energy of Fe-BCC and Fe-FCC
Crystallographic plane | Local potential (eV) | E-fermi (eV) | WF = LP-E-fermi (eV) | Surface energy (J/m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fe-BCC (100) | 5.640 | 1.100 | 4.540 | 0.400 |
Fe-BCC (110) | 6.970 | 1.850 | 5.120 | 0.340 |
Fe-BCC (111) | 4.020 | - 0.300 | 4.320 | 0.410 |
Fe-FCC (100) | 5.670 | 0.801 | 4.869 | 0.214 |
Fe-FCC (110) | 4.400 | - 0.031 | 4.431 | 0.207 |
Fe-FCC (111) | 6.290 | 1.101 | 5.189 | 0.176 |
Period (h) | γ-FeOOH (%) | α-FeOOH (%) | β-FeOOH (%) | Fe3O4 (%) | α/γ* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
One-step bainitic steel | 6 | 34.39 | 1.09 | 54.69 | 9.83 | 0.03 |
24 | 57.26 | 4.28 | 9.57 | 28.89 | 0.07 | |
72 | 70.98 | 8.76 | 5.24 | 15.02 | 0.12 | |
168 | 62.69 | 15.44 | 4.33 | 17.54 | 0.25 | |
Two-step bainitic steel | 6 | 58.21 | 4.96 | 9.19 | 27.04 | 0.08 |
24 | 68.21 | 7.66 | 7.49 | 16.64 | 0.11 | |
72 | 69.48 | 14.36 | 4.27 | 11.89 | 0.21 | |
168 | 64.91 | 20.45 | 1.04 | 13.59 | 0.32 |
Table 7 Ratio of α-FeOOH to γ*- FeOOH (total amount of γ-FeOOH and Fe3O4) in rust layers according to the XRD results
Period (h) | γ-FeOOH (%) | α-FeOOH (%) | β-FeOOH (%) | Fe3O4 (%) | α/γ* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
One-step bainitic steel | 6 | 34.39 | 1.09 | 54.69 | 9.83 | 0.03 |
24 | 57.26 | 4.28 | 9.57 | 28.89 | 0.07 | |
72 | 70.98 | 8.76 | 5.24 | 15.02 | 0.12 | |
168 | 62.69 | 15.44 | 4.33 | 17.54 | 0.25 | |
Two-step bainitic steel | 6 | 58.21 | 4.96 | 9.19 | 27.04 | 0.08 |
24 | 68.21 | 7.66 | 7.49 | 16.64 | 0.11 | |
72 | 69.48 | 14.36 | 4.27 | 11.89 | 0.21 | |
168 | 64.91 | 20.45 | 1.04 | 13.59 | 0.32 |
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