Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) ›› 2023, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (5): 745-757.DOI: 10.1007/s40195-022-01490-8
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Xin Wei1, Yupeng Sun1,2, Junhua Dong1(), Nan Chen1, Qiying Ren1, Wei Ke3
Received:
2022-06-09
Revised:
2022-08-07
Accepted:
2022-08-24
Online:
2022-12-04
Published:
2022-12-04
Contact:
Junhua Dong
Xin Wei, Yupeng Sun, Junhua Dong, Nan Chen, Qiying Ren, Wei Ke. Effects of Aerobic and Anoxic Conditions on the Corrosion Behavior of NiCu Low Alloy Steel in the Simulated Groundwater Solutions[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2023, 36(5): 745-757.
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Ni | Cu | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 0.3 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.58 | 0.017 | 0.0036 | Bal. |
Table 1 Chemical compositions (wt%) of NiCu low alloy steel
Ni | Cu | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 0.3 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.58 | 0.017 | 0.0036 | Bal. |
Fig. 2 Cross-sectional morphologies of NiCu low alloy steel after the aerobic immersion and aerobic-anoxic immersion in different simulated solutions: a, a' 0.05 M NaHCO3 solution; b, b' 0.05 M NaHCO3 + 0.01 M NaCl solution; c, c' 0.05 M NaHCO3 + 0.1 M NaCl solution
Fig. 3 XRD results of corrosion products of NiCu low alloy steel after the aerobic immersion a and aerobic-anoxic immersion b in different simulated solutions
No | Electrode reaction | Equilibrium potential equation (vs. SCE) | E (V vs. SCE) |
---|---|---|---|
5 | E = 0.9852 − 0.05916 pH + 0.01479 lgPO2 | 0.4924 | |
6 | E = − 0.2438 − 0.05916 pH + 0.02958 lgPH2 | − 0.7366 | |
7 | E = − 0.5220 − 0.04437 pH − 0.01479 lg[HCO3−] | − 0.9120 | |
8 | E = 0.3177 − 0.11832 pH + 0.05916 lg[HCO3−] | − 0.7496 | |
9 | E = − 0.4021 − 0.05493 pH − 0.004226 lg[HCO3−] | − 0.8655 | |
10 | E = − 0.3304 − 0.05916 pH | − 0.8232 | |
11 | E = − 0.2658 − 0.05916 pH | − 0.7586 | |
12 | E = − 0.3072 − 0.05916 pH | − 0.8000 | |
13 | E = − 0.1830 − 0.05916 pH | − 0.6758 | |
14 | E = 0.1121 − 0.03944 pH + 0.01972 lg[HCO3−] + 0.01972 lg[Fe2+] | − 0.3423 | |
15 | E = 0.1696 − 0.07395 pH + 0.01479 lg[HCO3−] | − 0.4668 | |
16 | E = 0.1709 − 0.08874 pH + 0.02958 lg[HCO3−] | − 0.6092 | |
17 | E = 0.2569 + 0.01972 lg[Fe3+] | 0.1583 | |
18 | E = 0.1227 + 0.02958 lg[Fe2+] | − 0.0252 | |
19 | E = 0.2511 − 0.05916 pH | − 0.2417 | |
20 | E = 0.2153 − 0.02958 pH + 0.01479 lg[HCO3−] + 0.01479 lg[Fe3+] | − 0.1255 | |
2 | E = 0.1121 − 0.03944 pH + 0.01972 lg[HCO3−] + 0.01972 lg[Fe2+] | − 0.3423 | |
22 | E = 0.1696 − 0.07395 pH + 0.01479 lg[HCO3−] | − 0.4668 | |
23 | E = − 0.4136 − 0.02958 pH + 0.02958 lg[HCO3−] | − 0.7009 |
Table 2 Possible electrochemical reactions of NiCu low alloy steel in the 0.05 mol/L HCO3− solutions with different Cl− concentrations (pH = 8.33)
No | Electrode reaction | Equilibrium potential equation (vs. SCE) | E (V vs. SCE) |
---|---|---|---|
5 | E = 0.9852 − 0.05916 pH + 0.01479 lgPO2 | 0.4924 | |
6 | E = − 0.2438 − 0.05916 pH + 0.02958 lgPH2 | − 0.7366 | |
7 | E = − 0.5220 − 0.04437 pH − 0.01479 lg[HCO3−] | − 0.9120 | |
8 | E = 0.3177 − 0.11832 pH + 0.05916 lg[HCO3−] | − 0.7496 | |
9 | E = − 0.4021 − 0.05493 pH − 0.004226 lg[HCO3−] | − 0.8655 | |
10 | E = − 0.3304 − 0.05916 pH | − 0.8232 | |
11 | E = − 0.2658 − 0.05916 pH | − 0.7586 | |
12 | E = − 0.3072 − 0.05916 pH | − 0.8000 | |
13 | E = − 0.1830 − 0.05916 pH | − 0.6758 | |
14 | E = 0.1121 − 0.03944 pH + 0.01972 lg[HCO3−] + 0.01972 lg[Fe2+] | − 0.3423 | |
15 | E = 0.1696 − 0.07395 pH + 0.01479 lg[HCO3−] | − 0.4668 | |
16 | E = 0.1709 − 0.08874 pH + 0.02958 lg[HCO3−] | − 0.6092 | |
17 | E = 0.2569 + 0.01972 lg[Fe3+] | 0.1583 | |
18 | E = 0.1227 + 0.02958 lg[Fe2+] | − 0.0252 | |
19 | E = 0.2511 − 0.05916 pH | − 0.2417 | |
20 | E = 0.2153 − 0.02958 pH + 0.01479 lg[HCO3−] + 0.01479 lg[Fe3+] | − 0.1255 | |
2 | E = 0.1121 − 0.03944 pH + 0.01972 lg[HCO3−] + 0.01972 lg[Fe2+] | − 0.3423 | |
22 | E = 0.1696 − 0.07395 pH + 0.01479 lg[HCO3−] | − 0.4668 | |
23 | E = − 0.4136 − 0.02958 pH + 0.02958 lg[HCO3−] | − 0.7009 |
Fig. 6 Potentiodynamic polarization curves of NiCu steel after immersed in various simulated solutions for different time: a 0.05 M NaHCO3, b 0.05 M NaHCO3 + 0.01 M NaCl, c 0.05 M NaHCO3 + 0.1 M NaCl
Fig. 7 EIS plots of NiCu low alloy steel in 0.05 M NaHCO3 solution during the long-term aerobic-anoxic immersion: a impedance modulus vs. frequency plots, b phase angle vs. frequency plots, c Nyquist plots
Fig. 8 EIS plots of NiCu low alloy steel in 0.05 M NaHCO3 + 0.01 M NaCl solution during the long-term aerobic-anoxic immersion: a impedance modulus vs. frequency plots, b phase angle vs. frequency plots, c Nyquist plots
Fig. 9 EIS plots of NiCu low alloy steel in 0.05 M NaHCO3 + 0.1 M NaCl solution during the long-term aerobic-anoxic immersion: a impedance modulus vs. frequency plots, b phase angle vs. frequency plots, c Nyquist plots
Fig. 10 Equivalent circuits for fitting the EIS (Rs—solution resistance, Qo—CPE of oxygen reduction, Ro—Faraday resistance of oxygen reduction, W—Warburg impedance of oxygen diffusion, Qdl—CPE of electric double layer, Rct—charge transfer resistance of NiCu steel, Qr—CPE of rust reduction, Rr—Faraday resistance of rust reduction)
Time (day) | Rs (Ω cm2) | Y0−r (S sn cm−2) | nr | Rr (Ω cm2) | Y0−o (S sn cm−2) | no | Ro (Ω cm2) | Y0−W (S s0.5 cm−2) | Y0−dl (S sn cm−2) | ndl | Rct (Ω cm2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aerobic stage | Initial | 92.7 | - | - | - | 4.1 × 10-4 | 1 | 21.6 | 0.026 | 3.8 × 10-4 | 0.87 | 2034 |
13 | 59.5 | 1.6 × 10-5 | 0.57 | 1645 | 2.9 × 10-5 | 0.99 | 237 | 0.0029 | 8.6 × 10-4 | 0.98 | 11,470 | |
20 | 58.6 | 4.9 × 10-4 | 0.16 | 462 | 1.9 × 10-4 | 0.90 | 186 | 0.0044 | 0.013 | 0.63 | 4265 | |
Anoxic stage | 9 | 50.2 | 0.013 | 0.35 | 423 | - | - | - | - | 0.013 | 0.66 | 4841 |
33 | 54.7 | 0.0068 | 0.32 | 563 | - | - | - | - | 0.015 | 0.66 | 5735 | |
55 | 60.1 | 0.0052 | 0.30 | 758 | - | - | - | - | 0.014 | 0.71 | 9486 | |
80 | 78.8 | 0.0046 | 0.26 | 1128 | - | - | - | - | 0.012 | 0.60 | 15,640 |
Table 3 Fitting results of EIS in 0.05 M NaHCO3 solution during the long-term aerobic-anoxic immersion
Time (day) | Rs (Ω cm2) | Y0−r (S sn cm−2) | nr | Rr (Ω cm2) | Y0−o (S sn cm−2) | no | Ro (Ω cm2) | Y0−W (S s0.5 cm−2) | Y0−dl (S sn cm−2) | ndl | Rct (Ω cm2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aerobic stage | Initial | 92.7 | - | - | - | 4.1 × 10-4 | 1 | 21.6 | 0.026 | 3.8 × 10-4 | 0.87 | 2034 |
13 | 59.5 | 1.6 × 10-5 | 0.57 | 1645 | 2.9 × 10-5 | 0.99 | 237 | 0.0029 | 8.6 × 10-4 | 0.98 | 11,470 | |
20 | 58.6 | 4.9 × 10-4 | 0.16 | 462 | 1.9 × 10-4 | 0.90 | 186 | 0.0044 | 0.013 | 0.63 | 4265 | |
Anoxic stage | 9 | 50.2 | 0.013 | 0.35 | 423 | - | - | - | - | 0.013 | 0.66 | 4841 |
33 | 54.7 | 0.0068 | 0.32 | 563 | - | - | - | - | 0.015 | 0.66 | 5735 | |
55 | 60.1 | 0.0052 | 0.30 | 758 | - | - | - | - | 0.014 | 0.71 | 9486 | |
80 | 78.8 | 0.0046 | 0.26 | 1128 | - | - | - | - | 0.012 | 0.60 | 15,640 |
Time (day) | Rs (Ω cm2) | Y0-r (S sn cm−2) | nr | Rr (Ω cm2) | Y0-o (S sn cm−2) | no | Ro (Ω cm2) | Y0-W (S s0.5 cm−2) | Y0-dl (S sn cm−2) | ndl | Rct (Ω cm2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aerobic stage | Initial | 61.1 | - | - | - | 0.019 | 0.43 | 34 | 0.027 | 0.0008 | 0.76 | 1225 |
10 | 38.7 | 0.0076 | 0.86 | 631 | 0.0046 | 0.98 | 281 | 0.0076 | 0.038 | 0.98 | 4981 | |
20 | 36.7 | 0.0049 | 0.23 | 166 | 0.0055 | 0.93 | 187 | 0.0092 | 0.014 | 0.78 | 3539 | |
Anoxic stage | 13 | 33.1 | 0.0052 | 0.62 | 394 | - | - | - | - | 0.019 | 0.9 | 4508 |
31 | 37.4 | 0.0044 | 0.64 | 179 | - | - | - | - | 0.010 | 0.72 | 3560 | |
55 | 47.8 | 0.0028 | 0.59 | 364 | - | - | - | - | 0.011 | 0.83 | 8632 | |
80 | 59.2 | 0.0023 | 0.59 | 202 | - | - | - | - | 0.0076 | 0.57 | 7980 |
Table 4 Fitting results of EIS in 0.05 M NaHCO3 + 0.01 M NaCl solution during the long-term aerobic-anoxic immersion
Time (day) | Rs (Ω cm2) | Y0-r (S sn cm−2) | nr | Rr (Ω cm2) | Y0-o (S sn cm−2) | no | Ro (Ω cm2) | Y0-W (S s0.5 cm−2) | Y0-dl (S sn cm−2) | ndl | Rct (Ω cm2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aerobic stage | Initial | 61.1 | - | - | - | 0.019 | 0.43 | 34 | 0.027 | 0.0008 | 0.76 | 1225 |
10 | 38.7 | 0.0076 | 0.86 | 631 | 0.0046 | 0.98 | 281 | 0.0076 | 0.038 | 0.98 | 4981 | |
20 | 36.7 | 0.0049 | 0.23 | 166 | 0.0055 | 0.93 | 187 | 0.0092 | 0.014 | 0.78 | 3539 | |
Anoxic stage | 13 | 33.1 | 0.0052 | 0.62 | 394 | - | - | - | - | 0.019 | 0.9 | 4508 |
31 | 37.4 | 0.0044 | 0.64 | 179 | - | - | - | - | 0.010 | 0.72 | 3560 | |
55 | 47.8 | 0.0028 | 0.59 | 364 | - | - | - | - | 0.011 | 0.83 | 8632 | |
80 | 59.2 | 0.0023 | 0.59 | 202 | - | - | - | - | 0.0076 | 0.57 | 7980 |
Time (day) | Rs (Ω cm2) | Y0−r (S sn cm−2) | nr | Rr (Ω cm2) | Y0-o (S sn cm−2) | no | Ro (Ω cm2) | Y0-W (S s0.5 cm−2) | Y0-dl (S sn cm−2) | ndl | Rct (Ω cm2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aerobic stage | Initial | 28.7 | - | - | - | 0.0076 | 0.99 | 72.7 | 0.033 | 0.0023 | 0.82 | 981 |
9 | 20.2 | 0.00059 | 0.14 | 411 | 0.00058 | 0.91 | 197 | 0.0087 | 0.00068 | 0.97 | 3672 | |
20 | 20.8 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 63.5 | - | - | - | - | 0.0045 | 0.75 | 1454 | |
Anoxic stage | 14 | 20.6 | 0.024 | 0.63 | 89.8 | - | - | - | - | 0.007 | 0.78 | 2448 |
31 | 22.0 | 0.023 | 0.65 | 105 | - | - | - | - | 0.006 | 0.78 | 2486 | |
52 | 23.1 | 0.026 | 0.73 | 129 | - | - | - | - | 0.0047 | 0.73 | 3576 | |
80 | 28.7 | 0.01 | 0.66 | 187 | - | - | - | - | 0.0038 | 0.76 | 3725 |
Table 5 Fitting results of EIS in 0.05 M NaHCO3 + 0.1 M NaCl solution during the long-term aerobic-anoxic immersion
Time (day) | Rs (Ω cm2) | Y0−r (S sn cm−2) | nr | Rr (Ω cm2) | Y0-o (S sn cm−2) | no | Ro (Ω cm2) | Y0-W (S s0.5 cm−2) | Y0-dl (S sn cm−2) | ndl | Rct (Ω cm2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aerobic stage | Initial | 28.7 | - | - | - | 0.0076 | 0.99 | 72.7 | 0.033 | 0.0023 | 0.82 | 981 |
9 | 20.2 | 0.00059 | 0.14 | 411 | 0.00058 | 0.91 | 197 | 0.0087 | 0.00068 | 0.97 | 3672 | |
20 | 20.8 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 63.5 | - | - | - | - | 0.0045 | 0.75 | 1454 | |
Anoxic stage | 14 | 20.6 | 0.024 | 0.63 | 89.8 | - | - | - | - | 0.007 | 0.78 | 2448 |
31 | 22.0 | 0.023 | 0.65 | 105 | - | - | - | - | 0.006 | 0.78 | 2486 | |
52 | 23.1 | 0.026 | 0.73 | 129 | - | - | - | - | 0.0047 | 0.73 | 3576 | |
80 | 28.7 | 0.01 | 0.66 | 187 | - | - | - | - | 0.0038 | 0.76 | 3725 |
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