Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the supercritical water test platform

Fig. 2 Simulation model for Fe atoms bulk with water molecules

Fig. 3 EBSD results of steels: a grain map and b grain size distribution for 316 L, c grain map, d grain size distribution for TA 316 L

Fig. 4 a Kernel average map and b misorientation angle distribution of 316L, c Kernel average map, d misorientation angle distribution of TA 316L

Fig. 5 Inverse pole figures (including RD: rolling direction, TD: transverse direction and ND: normal direction) of a 316L steel, b TA 316L

Fig. 6 Texture distribution maps and strength condition of a 316L steel, b TA 316L (ND represents < 100 > direction)

Fig. 7 Oxidation weight gain of 316L and TA 316L steels after oxidation test in SCW

Fig. 8 Fe3O4 morphologies of a 316L and b TA 316L after oxidation test in SCW for 500 h

Fig. 9 Surface morphologies of a, b 316L and c, d TA 316L steels after the oxidation tests in SCW for 1000 h

Fig. 10 Cross-sectional SEM images of the oxides and the corresponding EDS analysis of a, c 316L steel and b, d TA 316L after the oxidation tests in SCW for 1000 h

Fig. 11 XRD of the steels after the oxidation tests in SCW for 1000 h

Fig. 12 XPS results of oxide scales formed on steels in SCW for 1000 h: a, c Fe 2p3/2 spectra of 316L and TA 316L, b, d Cr 2p3/2 spectra of 316L and TA 316L, respectively

Fig. 13 Side views of the reaction process of the (111) and (203) planes in the system of γ-Fe and H2O

Fig. 14 Side views of the reaction process of the ∑3 and ∑7 GBs in the system of γ-Fe and H2O

Fig. 15 a Fraction of remaining water molecules, b minimum z-coordinates of O atoms