Gyroid Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Lattice Structure Enables Improved Superelasticity of CuAlMn Shape Memory Alloy

doi:10.1007/s40195-024-01678-0

Abstract

Abstract:

Improving the shape memory effect and superelasticity of Cu-based shape memory alloys (SMAs) has always been a research hotspot in many countries. This work systematically investigates the effects of Gyroid triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattice structures with different unit sizes and volume fractions on the manufacturing viability, compressive mechanical response, superelasticity and heating recovery properties of CuAlMn SMAs. The results show that the increased specific surface area of the lattice structure leads to increased powder adhesion, making the manufacturability proportional to the unit size and volume fraction. The compressive response of the CuAlMn SMAs Gyroid TPMS lattice structure is negatively correlated with the unit size and positively correlated with the volume fraction. The superelastic recovery of all CuAlMn SMAs with Gyroid TPMS lattice structures is within 5% when the cyclic cumulative strain is set to be 10%. The lattice structure shows the maximum superelasticity when the unit size is 3.00 mm and the volume fraction is 12%, and after heating recovery, the total recovery strain increases as the volume fraction increases. This study introduces a new strategy to enhance the superelastic properties and expand the applications of CuAlMn SMAs in soft robotics, medical equipment, aerospace and other fields.

Key words: Shape memory alloys, Superelasticity, Gyroid triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattice structure, Selective laser melting (SLM)

Mengwei Wu, Chunmei Ma, Ruiping Liu, Huadong Fu. Gyroid Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Lattice Structure Enables Improved Superelasticity of CuAlMn Shape Memory Alloy[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2024, 37(6): 1047-1065.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig. 1 a Gyroid unit cell surface, sheet Gyroid unit cell and Gyroid TPMS lattice structure; front view of CAD model of Gyroid TPMS lattice structure with different b unit sizes and c volume fractions

Fig. 2 a SEM images and b particle size distribution of CuAlMn alloy powder; photographs of SLM-fabricated CuAlMn Gyroid TPMS structures with varying c unit cell sizes and d volume fractions

Table 1 SLM forming parameters

Laser power (W)	Scanning speed (mm s⁻¹)	Scanning distance (mm)	Layer thickness (µm)	Energy density (J mm⁻³)
240	1000	0.11	25	87.27

Fig. 3 Stereomicroscope images of Gyroid TPMS CuAlMn SMAs with varying a unit sizes and b volume fractions

Fig. 4 SEM images of Gyroid TPMS CuAlMn SMA lattice structure with different a unit sizes and b volume fractions

Fig. 5 High-magnification SEM image of the CuAlMn SMA Gyroid TPMS lattice structure with a unit size of 5.25 mm and a volume fraction of 10%: a top view; b side view

Fig. 6 Volume fraction of the Gyroid TPMS CuAlMn SMAs with different a unit sizes and b volume fractions and the volume fraction percentage deviation from the designed CAD model

Fig. 7 Compression mechanical response of CuAlMn Gyriod lattice structure with different unit geometries under RT; a, c stress-strain curves of samples with different a unit sizes and c volume fractions; changes in compressive modulus, yield strength and ultimate strength under different b unit sizes and d volume fractions

Fig. 8 Compression images of CuAlMn Gyriod TPMS lattice structures with different a unit sizes and b volume fractions at different strain levels

Fig. 9 Superelastic response of CuAlMn Gyriod TPMS lattice structures with different a, b unit sizes and c, d volume fractions

Fig. 10 Relationship of the elastic recovery strain (εe), superelastic recovery strain (εSE) and residual strain (εr) with the total loading strain (εt) of CuAlMn SMAs Gyroid TPMS lattice structure with different a-c unit sizes and d-f volume fractions (*CuAlMn SMAs refer to solid CuAlMn shape memory alloys prepared by SLM; the others represent CuAlMn SMAs with Gyroid TPMS lattice structures)

Fig. 11 Shape memory recovery performance after heating of CuAlMn SMAs Gyroid TPMS lattice structure with different a unit size and b volume fractions

Fig. 12 Relationship between superelastic strain εSE and applied strain εt − εe for a unit size and b volume fractions (*CuAlMn SMAs refer to solid CuAlMn shape memory alloys prepared by SLM; the others represent CuAlMn SMAs with Gyroid TPMS lattice structures)

References 64

[1]	Y. Jin, S.J. Zou, B.C. Pan, G.Y. Li, L. Shao, J.K. Du, Addit. Manuf. 56, 102899 (2022)
[2]	K. Zoubkova, H. Seiner, P. Sedlak, E. Villa, M. Tahara, H. Hosoda, V. Chernenko, Acta Mater. 224, 117530 (2022)
[3]	Y.K. Zhang, L.Y. Xu, L. Zhao, D.Y. Lin, M.Q. Liu, X.Y. Qi, Y.D. Han, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 152, 1 (2023)
[4]	H.Y. Wang, D. Xu, J.C. Feng, S. Chao, H. Sun, MRS Commun. 13, 526 (2023)
[5]	P. Wei, P. Hua, M. Xia, K. Yan, H. Lin, S. Yi, J. Lu, F. Ren, Q. Sun, Acta Mater. 240, 118269 (2022)
[6]	M.W. Wu, Y. Xiao, Z.F. Hu, R.P. Liu, C.M. Ma, Front. Mater. Sci. 16, 220616 (2022)
[7]	S. Singh, I.A. Palani, S. Dehgahi, A.J. Qureshi, A.N. Jinoop, C.P. Paul, K.G. Prashanth, J. Alloys Compd. 961, 171029 (2023)
[8]	T. Grabec, P. Sedlak, K. Zoubkova, M. Sevcik, M. Janovska, P. Stoklasova, H. Seiner, Acta Mater. 208, 116718 (2021)
[9]	I. Kaya, H. Tobe, H.E. Karaca, E. Acar, Y. Chumlyakov, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 29, 282 (2016)
[10]	S.Q. Li, Y.Q. Huang, L. Cai, H.B. Peng, J.Z. Yan, Y.H. Wen, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 881, 145396 (2023)
[11]	Y.N. Wang, T.F. Jing, H.B. Peng, W. He, J.Z. Yan, S.L. Wang, N. Li, Y.H. Wen, J. Alloys Compd. 915, 165401 (2022)
[12]	M. Liu, J.N. Zhu, V.A. Popovich, E. Borisov, J.M.C. Mol, Y. Gonzalez-Garcia, Rare Met. 42, 3114 (2023)
[13]	V. Novak, P. Sittner, S. Ignacova, T. Cernoch, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 438-440, 755 (2006)
[14]	J.L. Liu, Z.H. Chen, H.Y. Huang, J.X. Xie, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 696, 315 (2017)
[15]	B.Q. Jiao, Q.Y. Zhao, Y.Q. Zhao, W.W. Zhang, W. Zhang, Y.C. Li, Z.W. Hu, X.Q. Gao, C.X. Cui, J. Alloys Compd. 945, 169369 (2023)
[16]	H.D. Fu, S. Xu, H.M. Zhao, H.B. Dong, J.X. Xie, J. Alloys Compd. 714, 154 (2017)
[17]	L.J. Li, H.H. You, X.J. Xin, S. Fang, Scr. Mater. 136, 106 (2017)
[18]	H.D. Fu, S.L. Song, L.C. Zhuo, Z.H. Zhang, J.X. Xie, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 650, 218 (2016)
[19]	J.L. Liu, H.Y. Huang, J.X. Xie, Int. J. Min. Met. Mater. 23, 1157 (2016)
[20]	M.H. Li, J.L. Liu, S.L. Yan, W.X. Yan, B.W. Shi, J. Alloys Compd. 821, 153213 (2020)
[21]	J.L. Liu, M.H. Li, X. Li, W.X. Yan, W. Huang, S.L. Yan, J. Alloys Compd. 781, 621 (2019)
[22]	N. Wang, G.K. Meenashisundaram, S. Chang, J.Y.H. Fuh, T. Dheen, A.S. Kumar, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 129, 105151 (2022)
[23]	L. Zhang, Q.P. Ma, J.H. Ding, S. Qu, J. Fu, M.W. Fu, X. Song, M.Y. Wang, Addit. Manuf. 59, 103185 (2022)
[24]	X.L. Zhang, Y. Jiang, S.P. Wang, S. Wang, Z.Q. Wang, Z.L. Yu, Z.H. Zhang, L.Q. Ren, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 36, 926 (2023)
[25]	C. Zhang, H. Qiao, L. Yang, W. Ouyang, T. He, B. Liu, X. Chen, N. Wang, C. Yan, Compos. Struct. 327, 117642 (2024)
[26]	J.R. Tang, N.U. Tariq, Z.P. Zhao, M.X. Guo, H.H. Liu, Y.P. Ren, X.Y. Cui, Y.F. Shen, J.Q. Wang, T.Y. Xiong, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 35, 1465 (2022)
[27]	L. Han, S.A. Che, Adv. Mater. 30, 1705708 (2018)
[28]	K. Hayashi, R. Kishida, A. Tsuchiya, K. Ishikawa, A.C.S. Appl, Mater. Interfaces 15, 34570 (2023)
[29]	I. Maskery, A.O. Aremu, L. Parry, R.D. Wildman, C.J. Tuck, I.A. Ashcroft, Mater. Des. 155, 220 (2018)
[30]	L.R. Meza, G.P. Phlipot, C.M. Portela, A. Maggi, L.C. Montemayor, A. Comella, D.M. Kochmann, J.R. Greer, Acta Mater. 140, 424 (2017)
[31]	I. Maskery, L. Sturm, A.O. Aremu, A. Panesar, C.B. Williams, C.J. Tuck, R.D. Wildman, I.A. Ashcroft, R.J.M. Hague, Polymer 152, 62 (2018)
[32]	S.M. Saghaian, H.E. Karaca, H. Tobe, A.S. Turabi, S. Saedi, S.E. Saghaian, Y.I. Chumlyakov, R.D. Noebe, Acta Mater. 134, 211 (2017)
[33]	M. Speirs, B. Van Hooreweder, J. Van Humbeeck, J.P. Kruth, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 70, 53 (2017)
[34]	L.Q. Sun, K.Y. Chen, P. Geng, Y. Zhou, S.F. Wen, Y.S. Shi, J. Manuf. Process. 101, 1091 (2023)
[35]	L. Yang, C.Z. Yan, W.C. Cao, Z.F. Liu, B. Song, S.F. Wen, C. Zhang, Y.S. Shi, S.F. Yang, Acta Mater. 181, 49 (2019) DOI
[36]	B.B. Ravichander, S.H. Jagdale, A. Jabed, G. Kumar, Int. J. Mech. Sci. 254, 108439 (2023)
[37]	M.M. Costa, F. Bartolomeu, J. Palmeiro, B. Guimaraes, N. Alves, G. Miranda, F.S. Silva, Tribol. Int. 156, 106830 (2021)
[38]	L.C. Zhang, H. Attar, Adv. Eng. Mater. 18, 463 (2016)
[39]	L.Y. Chen, S.X. Liang, Y.J. Liu, L.C. Zhang, Mater. Sci. Eng. R 146, 100648 (2021)
[40]	J. Fu, J.H. Ding, L. Zhang, S. Qu, X. Song, M. Fu, Addit. Manuf. 62, 103406 (2023)
[41]	C.Z. Yan, L. Hao, A. Hussein, Q.S. Wei, Y.S. Shi, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 75, 1515 (2017)
[42]	H. Osman, L. Liu, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 33, 1 (2023)
[43]	L.C. Zhang, L.Y. Chen, S.F. Zhou, Z. Luo, J. Alloys Compd. 936, 168099 (2023)
[44]	D.Y. Fan, Z. Yi, X. Feng, W.Z. Tian, D.K. Xu, A.M. Cristino Valentino, Q. Wang, H.C. Sun, Rare Met. 41, 580 (2022)
[45]	H.D. Zheng, L.L. Liu, C.L. Deng, Z.F. Shi, C.Y. Ning, Rare Met. 38, 561 (2019)
[46]	C.D. Li, H.M. Gu, W. Wang, S. Wang, L.L. Ren, Y.C. Zhai, Z.B. Wang, Z. Ming, Rare Met. 40, 2530 (2021)
[47]	B.B. Babamiri, B. Barnes, A. Soltani-Tehrani, N. Shamsaei, K. Hazeli, Addit. Manuf. 46, 102143 (2021)
[48]	X. Yang, Q. Yang, Y.S. Shi, L. Yang, S.Q. Wu, C.Z. Yan, Y.S. Shi, Addit. Manuf. 54, 102737 (2022)
[49]	L. Yang, M. Ferrucci, R. Mertens, W. Dewulf, C.Z. Yan, Y.S. Shi, S.F. Yang, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 275, 116367 (2020)
[50]	K.D. Traxel, C. Groden, J. Valladares, A. Bandyopadhyay, W.M. Keck, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 809, 140925 (2021)
[51]	O. Al-Ketan, R. Rowshan, R.K. Abu Al-Rub, Addit. Manuf. 19, 167 (2018)
[52]	S. Van Bael, G. Kerckhofs, M. Moesen, G. Pyka, J. Schrooten, J.P. Kruth, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 528, 7423 (2011)
[53]	C.Z. Yan, L. Hao, A. Hussein, P. Young, D. Raymont, Mater. Des. 55, 533 (2014)
[54]	I. Maskery, N.T. Aboulkhair, A.O. Aremu, C.J. Tuck, I.A. Ashcroft, R.D. Wildman, R.J.M. Hague, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 670, 264 (2016)
[55]	L. Yang, C.J. Han, H.Z. Wu, L. Hao, Q.S. Wei, C.Z. Yan, Y.S. Shi, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 109, 103843 (2020)
[56]	L.J. Gibson, M.F. Ashby, J.S. Schajer, Proc. R. Soc. A Math. 382, 25 (1982)
[57]	I. Maskery, A.O. Aremu, M. Simonelli, C. Tuck, R.D. Wildman, I.A. Ashcroft, R.J.M. Hague, Exp. Mech. 55, 1261 (2015)
[58]	I. Maskery, I.A. Ashcroft, Addit. Manuf. 36, 101548 (2020)
[59]	C.J. Han, Y. Li, Q. Wang, S.F. Wen, Q.S. Wei, C.Z. Yan, L. Hao, J. Liu, Y.S. Shi, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 80, 119 (2018)
[60]	C.Z. Yan, L. Hao, A. Hussein, P. Young, J.T. Huang, W. Zhu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 628, 238 (2015)
[61]	S. Dadbakhsh, M. Speirs, J.-P. Kruth, J. Van Humbeeck, CIRP Annals Manuf. Technol. 64, 209 (2015)
[62]	C.Y. Xiong, Y. Li, J. Zhang, Y. Wang, W.T. Qu, Y.C. Ji, L.S. Cui, X.B. Ren, J. Alloys Compd. 853, 157090 (2021)
[63]	X. Wang, J.M. Wang, H. Hua, C.B. Jiang, Rare Met. 42, 572 (2023)
[64]	M.W. Wu, Z.F. Hu, B.B. Yang, Y. Tao, R.P. Liu, C.M. Ma, L. Zhang, Rare Met. 42, 4324 (2023)