Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) ›› 2022, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (10): 1688-1702.DOI: 10.1007/s40195-022-01430-6
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Fan Yang1, Daigen Zhu1, Menglei Jiang1, Hui Liu1, Shiri Guo1, Qingyan Wang1, Hui Wang2, Kai Zhang1,3, Aijun Huang3, Juan Hou1,4()
Received:
2021-11-19
Revised:
2022-03-20
Accepted:
2022-03-21
Online:
2022-06-27
Published:
2022-06-27
Contact:
Juan Hou
About author:
Juan Hou, houjuan@usst.edu.cnFan Yang, Daigen Zhu, Menglei Jiang, Hui Liu, Shiri Guo, Qingyan Wang, Hui Wang, Kai Zhang, Aijun Huang, Juan Hou. Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Selective Laser Melted 304L Stainless Steel[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2022, 35(10): 1688-1702.
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Fig. 2 TEM images of the as-built samples: a cellular sub-grain structures with dislocation tangles as the cell wall, b needle-like and blocky ferrite observed inside the austenite matrix, c square particles of the σ phase identified by EDS chemical composition, d blocky ferrite revealed at higher magnification
Fig. 3 Optical micrographs showing the microstructural evolution of a as-built material and specimens heat treated at b 600 °C, c 700 °C, d 800 °C, e 900 °C, f 1000 °C, g 1200 °C, h 1300 °C for 2 h, respectively
Fig. 4 XRD patterns of phase identification in the as-built and heat treated samples, with step size of 0.02° and 1 s acquisition time per step. The δ ferrite peak and austenitic peak are marked by black triangle and black dot, respectively
Fig. 5 EBSD unique grain colour maps of equiaxed austenite grains on the horizontal plane under different conditions: a as-built, b 600 °C for 2 h, c 700 °C for 2 h, d 800 °C for 2 h, e 900 °C for 2 h, f 1000 °C for 2 h, g 1200 °C for 2 h, h 1300 °C for 2 h, i curve of grain size evolution with the temperature
Fig. 6 Grain boundary maps with low-angle boundaries in green, high-angle boundaries in blue and twin boundaries in red colour coding of the SLMed 304L SS under as-built and different heat treatment conditions: a as-built, b 600 °C for 2 h, c 700 °C for 2 h, d 800 °C for 2 h, e 900 °C for 2 h, f 1000 °C for 2 h, g 1200 °C for 2 h, h 1300 °C for 2 h, i curve of twin boundaries evolution with the temperature
Fig. 7 Phase distribution maps with the ferrite in green, σ phase in blue and austenite matrix in canary colour coding of the SLMed 304L SS under as-built and different heat treatment conditions: a as-built, b 600 °C for 2 h, c 700 °C for 2 h, d 800 °C for 2 h, e 900 °C for 2 h, f 1000 °C for 2 h, g 1200 °C for 2 h, h 1300 °C for 2 h, i curves of δ ferrite and σ phase fraction evolution with the temperature
Samples | Yield strength (MPa) | Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) | Elongation (%) | Yield ratio (YS/UTS) |
---|---|---|---|---|
AB | 485.2 ± 0.2 | 693.9 ± 3.9 | 56.3 ± 0.2 | 0.70 |
600 °C, 2 h | 427.4 ± 3.3 | 678.4 ± 3.5 | 55.3 ± 0.1 | 0.63 |
700 °C, 2 h | 405.6 ± 5.4 | 676.7 ± 4.4 | 58.0 ± 0.5 | 0.60 |
800 °C, 2 h | 385.7 ± 5.3 | 674.4 ± 1.2 | 42.7 ± 1.9 | 0.57 |
900 °C, 2 h | 367.6 ± 15.0 | 651.5 ± 8.0 | 64.8 ± 0.9 | 0.56 |
1000 °C, 2 h | 353.8 ± 9.8 | 634.0 ± 0.7 | 63.6 ± 0.8 | 0.55 |
1200 °C, 2 h | 218.8 ± 10.0 | 597.5 ± 1.3 | 73.4 ± 1.7 | 0.37 |
1300 °C, 2 h | 276.0 ± 10.1 | 589.4 ± 9.8 | 48.8 ± 0.7 | 0.47 |
Table 1 Tensile test results of SLMed 304L stainless steel under as-built and heat treated conditions
Samples | Yield strength (MPa) | Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) | Elongation (%) | Yield ratio (YS/UTS) |
---|---|---|---|---|
AB | 485.2 ± 0.2 | 693.9 ± 3.9 | 56.3 ± 0.2 | 0.70 |
600 °C, 2 h | 427.4 ± 3.3 | 678.4 ± 3.5 | 55.3 ± 0.1 | 0.63 |
700 °C, 2 h | 405.6 ± 5.4 | 676.7 ± 4.4 | 58.0 ± 0.5 | 0.60 |
800 °C, 2 h | 385.7 ± 5.3 | 674.4 ± 1.2 | 42.7 ± 1.9 | 0.57 |
900 °C, 2 h | 367.6 ± 15.0 | 651.5 ± 8.0 | 64.8 ± 0.9 | 0.56 |
1000 °C, 2 h | 353.8 ± 9.8 | 634.0 ± 0.7 | 63.6 ± 0.8 | 0.55 |
1200 °C, 2 h | 218.8 ± 10.0 | 597.5 ± 1.3 | 73.4 ± 1.7 | 0.37 |
1300 °C, 2 h | 276.0 ± 10.1 | 589.4 ± 9.8 | 48.8 ± 0.7 | 0.47 |
Fig. 9 Fracture morphologies of tensile specimens under different heat treatment conditions: a macrostructure, b as-built, c 600 °C for 2 h, d 700 °C for 2 h, e 800 °C for 2 h, f 900 °C for 2 h, g 1000 °C for 2 h, h 1200 °C for 2 h, i 1300 °C for 2 h. The inclusions formed at high temperature are calibrated to be oxides containing oxygen, chromium, and iron
Samples | icorr × 10-7 (A/cm2) | Ecorr (VSCE) | Epit (VSCE) | Corrosion rate × 10-3 (mm/a) |
---|---|---|---|---|
AB | 44.31 ± 7.39 | - 0.41 ± 0.09 | 1.22 ± 0.06 | 11.0 ± 2.8 |
600 °C, 2 h | 8.15 ± 1.50 | - 0.35 ± 0.02 | 1.20 ± 0.18 | 2.6 ± 1.3 |
700 °C, 2 h | 8.09 ± 2.45 | - 0.35 ± 0.05 | 1.25 ± 0.07 | 9.2 ± 0.2 |
800 °C, 2 h | 7.42 ± 0.20 | - 0.27 ± 0.06 | 1.09 ± 0.02 | 8.5 ± 0.3 |
900 °C, 2 h | 5.10 ± 1.87 | - 0.29 ± 0.03 | 1.08 ± 0.12 | 5.8 ± 0.9 |
1000 °C, 2 h | 4.67 ± 1.43 | - 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.98 ± 0.05 | 5.3 ± 1.2 |
1200 °C, 2 h | 29.57 ± 4.19 | - 0.46 ± 0.11 | 0.77 ± 0.14 | 41.2 ± 2.9 |
1300 °C, 2 h | 2.81 ± 0.25 | - 0.28 ± 0.04 | 1.15 ± 0.02 | 3.2 ± 0.5 |
Table 2 Fitting data of the potentiodynamic polarization
Samples | icorr × 10-7 (A/cm2) | Ecorr (VSCE) | Epit (VSCE) | Corrosion rate × 10-3 (mm/a) |
---|---|---|---|---|
AB | 44.31 ± 7.39 | - 0.41 ± 0.09 | 1.22 ± 0.06 | 11.0 ± 2.8 |
600 °C, 2 h | 8.15 ± 1.50 | - 0.35 ± 0.02 | 1.20 ± 0.18 | 2.6 ± 1.3 |
700 °C, 2 h | 8.09 ± 2.45 | - 0.35 ± 0.05 | 1.25 ± 0.07 | 9.2 ± 0.2 |
800 °C, 2 h | 7.42 ± 0.20 | - 0.27 ± 0.06 | 1.09 ± 0.02 | 8.5 ± 0.3 |
900 °C, 2 h | 5.10 ± 1.87 | - 0.29 ± 0.03 | 1.08 ± 0.12 | 5.8 ± 0.9 |
1000 °C, 2 h | 4.67 ± 1.43 | - 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.98 ± 0.05 | 5.3 ± 1.2 |
1200 °C, 2 h | 29.57 ± 4.19 | - 0.46 ± 0.11 | 0.77 ± 0.14 | 41.2 ± 2.9 |
1300 °C, 2 h | 2.81 ± 0.25 | - 0.28 ± 0.04 | 1.15 ± 0.02 | 3.2 ± 0.5 |
Fig. 12 a Fraction of the equilibrium phase versus temperature calculated through Thermal-Calc software according to the specific chemical composition of 304L stainless steel in this study, vertical sections of phase diagrams at b 800 °C, c 1300 °C. The red dots represent the indicator composition of 304L stainless steel
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