Modeling of the Prediction of Densification Behavior of Powder Metallurgy Al-Cu-Mg/B4C Composites Using Artificial Neural Networks

doi:10.1007/s40195-014-0184-6

Abstract

Abstract:

Al-Cu-Mg/B₄Cp metal matrix composites with reinforcement of up to 20 wt% were produced using the powder metallurgy technique. The effects of reinforcement ratio, reinforcement size, milling time, and compact pressure on the density and porosity of the composites reinforced with 0, 5, 10, and 20 wt% B₄C particles were studied. Moreover, an artificial neural network model has been developed for the prediction of the effects of the manufacturing parameters on the density and porosity of powder metallurgy Al-Cu-Mg/B₄Cp composites. This model can be used for predicting the densification behavior of Al-Cu-Mg/B₄Cp composites produced under reinforcement of different sizes and amounts with various milling times and compact pressures. The mean absolute percentage error for the predicted values did not exceed 1.6%.

Key words: Al alloys, Composite, Mechanical milling, Metal matrix composite, Artificial neural network

Temel Varol, Aykut Canakci, Sukru Ozsahin. Modeling of the Prediction of Densification Behavior of Powder Metallurgy Al-Cu-Mg/B₄C Composites Using Artificial Neural Networks[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2015, 28(2): 182-195.

Figures/Tables 15

References 34

[1]	A.M. Hassan, A. Alrashdan, M.T. Hayajneh, A.T. Mayyas, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 209, 894(2009)
[2]	X. Yang, G.Q. Wu, W. Sha, Q.Q. Zhang, Z. Huang, Composites A 43, 363 (2012)
[3]	H.M. Xu, G.Q. Wu, W. Sha, J. Mater. Sci. 46, 6140(2011)
[4]	N. Altinkok, R. Köker, J. Mater. Sci. 40, 1767(2005)
[5]	İ. Yildiz, A. Erol, A. Yönetken,Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater. 20, 245(2013)
[6]	A. Canakci, T. Varol, S. Ertok,Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater. 19, 227(2012)
[7]	A. Canakci, J. Mater. Sci. 46, 2805(2011)
[8]	D. Ozyurek, M. Yıldırım, İ. Çiftçi,Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater. 19, 351(2012)
[9]	Y.M. Fan, H. Guo, J. Xu, K. Chu, X. Zhu, C. Jia,Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 18, 472(2011)
[10]	C.H. Fan, Z.H. Chen, W.Q. He, J.H. Chen, D.J. Chen, J. Alloys Compd. 504, 42(2010)
[11]	A. Canakci, S. Ozsahin, T. Varol,Powder Technol. 228, 26(2012)
[12]	H. Wang, L.Z. Ouyang, M.Q. Zeng, M. Zhu,Scr. Mater. 50, 1471(2004)
[13]	M. Zakeri, A. Nazari, Neural Comput. Appl. (2012). doi:10.1007/s00521-012-1012-4
[14]	M.R. Akbarpour, E. Salahi, F.A. Hesari, A. Simchi, H.S. Kim,Ceram. Int. 40, 951(2014)
[15]	S. Malinov, W. Sha, J.J. McKeown, Comput. Mater. Sci. 21, 375(2001)
[16]	S. Malinov, W. Sha,Comput. Mater. Sci. 28, 179(2003)
[17]	M.S. Ozerdem, S. Kolukisa,Mater. Des. 30, 764(2009)
[18]	H.R. Hafizpour, M. Sanjari, A. Simchi,Mater. Des. 30, 1518(2009)
[19]	M. Taskin, U. Caligulu,Math. Comput. Appl. 11, 163(2006)
[20]	J.A. Lee, D.P. Almond, B. Harris, Composites A 30, 1159 (1999)
[21]	S. Sagıroglu, E. Besdok, M. Erler, Artificial Intelligence Applications in Engineering-1: Artificial Neural Networks (Ufuk Books Stationery, Kayseri, 2003), pp. 10-20
[22]	I. Yıldırım, S. Ozsahin, C.K. Akyuz, BioResourches 6, 4076 (2011)
[23]	Y. Xu, L. Yuan, J. Cal, L.V. Jianlu, D. Zhang, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 26, 336(2013)
[24]	Z. Jiang, Z. Zhang, K. Friedrich,Compos. Sci. Technol. 67, 168(2007)
[25]	N. Muthukrishnana, J.P. Davim, J. Mater. Process.Technol. 209, 225(2009)
[26]	S. Devaraj, S. Sankaran, R. Kumar, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 26, 761(2013)
[27]	N. Zhaoa, P. Nash, X. Yang, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 170, 586(2005)
[28]	N. Parvin, R. Assadifarda, P. Safarzadeha, S. Sheibani, P. Marashi, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 492, 134 (2008)
[29]	J.B. Fogagnolo, E.M. Ruiz-Navas, M.H. Robert, J.M. Torralba, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 342, 131 (2003)
[30]	D.F. Khan, H. Yin, Z. Usman, M. Khan, X. Yuan, W. Wang, X. Qu, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 26, 399(2013)
[31]	H.R. Hafizpour, A. Simchi, S. Parvizi,Adv. Powder Technol. 21, 273(2010)
[32]	Z.R. Hesabi, H.R. Hafizpour, A. Simchi,Mater. Sci. Eng. A 454-455, 89(2007)
[33]	H.R. Zafarani, M. Abdi, M.E. Bahrololoom, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 27, 347(2014)
[34]	K. Gan, M. Gu, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 199, 173(2008)

Sample ID	Compact pressure (MPa)	Reinforcement ratio (wt%)	Reinforcement size (μm)	Milling time (h)	Density (g/cm³)			Porosity (%)
Sample ID	Compact pressure (MPa)	Reinforcement ratio (wt%)	Reinforcement size (μm)	Milling time (h)	Measured	Predicted	Error (%)	Measured	Predicted	Error (%)
1	200	0	0	0	2.675	2.673	0.07	4.46	4.275	4.14
3	200	0	0	1	2.645	2.641	0.16	5.54	5.392	2.67
5	200	0	0	5	2.621	2.619	0.08	6.39	6.125	4.15
7	200	0	0	10	2.603	2.599	0.17	7.04	6.827	3.02
9	200	5	49	0.5	2.645	2.647	-0.06	5.1	5.206	-2.07
10	200	5	49	1	2.63	2.637	-0.28	5.6	5.529	1.27
14	200	5	49	10	2.566	2.563	0.12	7.9	8.078	-2.25
17	200	10	49	1	2.587	2.580	0.26	6.67	6.792	-1.83
19	200	10	49	5	2.54	2.533	0.29	8.37	8.610	-2.87
22	200	20	49	0	2.583	2.581	0.09	5.87	6.048	-3.03
23	200	20	49	0.5	2.551	2.554	-0.12	7.04	6.976	0.91
25	200	20	49	2	2.53	2.534	-0.14	7.8	7.709	1.17
27	200	20	49	7	2.42	2.415	0.21	11.81	11.930	-1.01
28	200	20	49	10	2.415	2.403	0.49	12	12.348	-2.90
31	200	5	5	1	2.624	2.626	-0.08	5.81	5.905	-1.64
33	200	5	5	5	2.585	2.593	-0.30	7.21	7.036	2.41
35	200	5	5	10	2.554	2.556	-0.07	8.33	8.325	0.06
36	200	10	5	0	2.598	2.598	-0.01	6.28	6.084	3.12
39	200	10	5	2	2.56	2.557	0.11	7.65	7.571	1.03
41	200	10	5	7	2.455	2.454	0.05	11.44	11.401	0.34
43	200	20	5	0	2.565	2.566	-0.05	6.53	6.548	-0.28
44	200	20	5	0.5	2.539	2.539	0.00	7.47	7.489	-0.26
45	200	20	5	1	2.532	2.531	0.06	7.73	7.784	-0.70
49	200	20	5	10	2.385	2.399	-0.57	13.08	12.511	4.35
50	400	0	0	0	2.725	2.723	0.08	2.68	2.535	5.39
51	400	0	0	0.5	2.709	2.703	0.23	3.25	3.238	0.36
53	400	0	0	2	2.687	2.685	0.09	4.04	3.877	4.03
54	400	0	0	5	2.67	2.660	0.37	4.64	4.680	-0.86
57	400	5	49	0	2.71	2.716	-0.22	2.73	2.772	-1.55
58	400	5	49	0.5	2.693	2.696	-0.13	3.34	3.458	-3.52
60	400	5	49	2	2.673	2.674	-0.04	4.06	4.244	-4.52
62	400	5	49	7	2.623	2.620	0.12	5.85	6.081	-3.94
64	400	10	49	0	2.663	2.667	-0.16	3.93	3.704	5.75
65	400	10	49	0.5	2.641	2.647	-0.21	4.73	4.457	5.77
69	400	10	49	7	2.517	2.526	-0.34	9.2	9.014	2.02
71	400	20	49	0	2.625	2.629	-0.14	4.34	4.317	0.52
72	400	20	49	0.5	2.6	2.605	-0.19	5.25	5.155	1.80
75	400	20	49	5	2.563	2.552	0.43	6.6	7.083	-7.32
77	400	20	49	10	2.46	2.449	0.45	10.35	10.705	-3.43
79	400	5	5	0.5	2.682	2.686	-0.16	3.73	3.817	-2.34
80	400	5	5	1	2.675	2.673	0.06	3.98	4.264	-7.13
83	400	5	5	7	2.61	2.611	-0.05	6.32	6.385	-1.02
85	400	10	5	0	2.658	2.652	0.23	4.11	4.240	-3.17
87	400	10	5	1	2.625	2.619	0.23	5.3	5.451	-2.86
89	400	10	5	5	2.59	2.583	0.29	6.57	6.902	-5.05
91	400	10	5	10	2.491	2.501	-0.42	10.14	9.932	2.05
92	400	20	5	0	2.62	2.618	0.08	4.52	4.705	-4.10
95	400	20	5	2	2.561	2.562	-0.03	6.67	6.676	-0.10
96	400	20	5	5	2.524	2.541	-0.67	8.02	7.480	6.73
99	600	0	0	0	2.766	2.760	0.22	1.21	1.233	-1.92
101	600	0	0	1	2.741	2.734	0.27	2.11	2.152	-1.98
102	600	0	0	2	2.728	2.722	0.22	2.57	2.565	0.19
105	600	0	0	10	2.688	2.682	0.21	4	3.893	2.67
107	600	5	49	0.5	2.735	2.741	-0.22	1.83	1.898	-3.73
110	600	5	49	5	2.685	2.692	-0.25	3.63	3.571	1.63
112	600	5	49	10	2.659	2.663	-0.15	4.56	4.571	-0.25
115	600	10	49	1	2.7	2.698	0.06	2.6	2.595	0.18
117	600	10	49	5	2.665	2.665	0.01	3.86	3.945	-2.19
118	600	10	49	7	2.622	2.619	0.12	5.41	5.629	-4.06
120	600	20	49	0	2.687	2.685	0.09	2.08	2.136	-2.68
123	600	20	49	2	2.625	2.632	-0.26	4.34	4.075	6.10
125	600	20	49	7	2.525	2.536	-0.42	7.98	7.599	4.78
126	600	20	49	10	2.512	2.508	0.15	8.45	8.569	-1.41
129	600	5	5	1	2.711	2.720	-0.32	2.69	2.648	1.55
131	600	5	5	5	2.679	2.685	-0.24	3.84	3.790	1.31
133	600	5	5	10	2.652	2.656	-0.16	4.81	4.808	0.04
134	600	10	5	0	2.713	2.716	-0.11	2.13	1.886	11.48
137	600	10	5	2	2.68	2.679	0.03	3.32	3.274	1.40
139	600	10	5	7	2.611	2.606	0.19	5.81	6.038	-3.93
141	600	20	5	0	2.678	2.672	0.24	2.41	2.652	-10.03
143	600	20	5	1	2.641	2.636	0.20	3.75	3.939	-5.05
144	600	20	5	2	2.617	2.621	-0.16	4.63	4.513	2.54
147	600	20	5	10	2.5	2.500	-0.01	8.89	8.854	0.40
			MAPE			0.093			1.400
			RMSE			0.004			0.136

Sample ID	Compact pressure (MPa)	Reinforcement ratio (wt%)	Reinforcement size (μm)	Milling time (h)	Density (g/cm³)			Porosity (%)
Sample ID	Compact pressure (MPa)	Reinforcement ratio (wt%)	Reinforcement size (μm)	Milling time (h)	Measured	Predicted	Error (%)	Measured	Predicted	Error (%)
1	200	0	0	0	2.675	2.673	0.07	4.46	4.275	4.14
3	200	0	0	1	2.645	2.641	0.16	5.54	5.392	2.67
5	200	0	0	5	2.621	2.619	0.08	6.39	6.125	4.15
7	200	0	0	10	2.603	2.599	0.17	7.04	6.827	3.02
9	200	5	49	0.5	2.645	2.647	-0.06	5.1	5.206	-2.07
10	200	5	49	1	2.63	2.637	-0.28	5.6	5.529	1.27
14	200	5	49	10	2.566	2.563	0.12	7.9	8.078	-2.25
17	200	10	49	1	2.587	2.580	0.26	6.67	6.792	-1.83
19	200	10	49	5	2.54	2.533	0.29	8.37	8.610	-2.87
22	200	20	49	0	2.583	2.581	0.09	5.87	6.048	-3.03
23	200	20	49	0.5	2.551	2.554	-0.12	7.04	6.976	0.91
25	200	20	49	2	2.53	2.534	-0.14	7.8	7.709	1.17
27	200	20	49	7	2.42	2.415	0.21	11.81	11.930	-1.01
28	200	20	49	10	2.415	2.403	0.49	12	12.348	-2.90
31	200	5	5	1	2.624	2.626	-0.08	5.81	5.905	-1.64
33	200	5	5	5	2.585	2.593	-0.30	7.21	7.036	2.41
35	200	5	5	10	2.554	2.556	-0.07	8.33	8.325	0.06
36	200	10	5	0	2.598	2.598	-0.01	6.28	6.084	3.12
39	200	10	5	2	2.56	2.557	0.11	7.65	7.571	1.03
41	200	10	5	7	2.455	2.454	0.05	11.44	11.401	0.34
43	200	20	5	0	2.565	2.566	-0.05	6.53	6.548	-0.28
44	200	20	5	0.5	2.539	2.539	0.00	7.47	7.489	-0.26
45	200	20	5	1	2.532	2.531	0.06	7.73	7.784	-0.70
49	200	20	5	10	2.385	2.399	-0.57	13.08	12.511	4.35
50	400	0	0	0	2.725	2.723	0.08	2.68	2.535	5.39
51	400	0	0	0.5	2.709	2.703	0.23	3.25	3.238	0.36
53	400	0	0	2	2.687	2.685	0.09	4.04	3.877	4.03
54	400	0	0	5	2.67	2.660	0.37	4.64	4.680	-0.86
57	400	5	49	0	2.71	2.716	-0.22	2.73	2.772	-1.55
58	400	5	49	0.5	2.693	2.696	-0.13	3.34	3.458	-3.52
60	400	5	49	2	2.673	2.674	-0.04	4.06	4.244	-4.52
62	400	5	49	7	2.623	2.620	0.12	5.85	6.081	-3.94
64	400	10	49	0	2.663	2.667	-0.16	3.93	3.704	5.75
65	400	10	49	0.5	2.641	2.647	-0.21	4.73	4.457	5.77
69	400	10	49	7	2.517	2.526	-0.34	9.2	9.014	2.02
71	400	20	49	0	2.625	2.629	-0.14	4.34	4.317	0.52
72	400	20	49	0.5	2.6	2.605	-0.19	5.25	5.155	1.80
75	400	20	49	5	2.563	2.552	0.43	6.6	7.083	-7.32
77	400	20	49	10	2.46	2.449	0.45	10.35	10.705	-3.43
79	400	5	5	0.5	2.682	2.686	-0.16	3.73	3.817	-2.34
80	400	5	5	1	2.675	2.673	0.06	3.98	4.264	-7.13
83	400	5	5	7	2.61	2.611	-0.05	6.32	6.385	-1.02
85	400	10	5	0	2.658	2.652	0.23	4.11	4.240	-3.17
87	400	10	5	1	2.625	2.619	0.23	5.3	5.451	-2.86
89	400	10	5	5	2.59	2.583	0.29	6.57	6.902	-5.05
91	400	10	5	10	2.491	2.501	-0.42	10.14	9.932	2.05
92	400	20	5	0	2.62	2.618	0.08	4.52	4.705	-4.10
95	400	20	5	2	2.561	2.562	-0.03	6.67	6.676	-0.10
96	400	20	5	5	2.524	2.541	-0.67	8.02	7.480	6.73
99	600	0	0	0	2.766	2.760	0.22	1.21	1.233	-1.92
101	600	0	0	1	2.741	2.734	0.27	2.11	2.152	-1.98
102	600	0	0	2	2.728	2.722	0.22	2.57	2.565	0.19
105	600	0	0	10	2.688	2.682	0.21	4	3.893	2.67
107	600	5	49	0.5	2.735	2.741	-0.22	1.83	1.898	-3.73
110	600	5	49	5	2.685	2.692	-0.25	3.63	3.571	1.63
112	600	5	49	10	2.659	2.663	-0.15	4.56	4.571	-0.25
115	600	10	49	1	2.7	2.698	0.06	2.6	2.595	0.18
117	600	10	49	5	2.665	2.665	0.01	3.86	3.945	-2.19
118	600	10	49	7	2.622	2.619	0.12	5.41	5.629	-4.06
120	600	20	49	0	2.687	2.685	0.09	2.08	2.136	-2.68
123	600	20	49	2	2.625	2.632	-0.26	4.34	4.075	6.10
125	600	20	49	7	2.525	2.536	-0.42	7.98	7.599	4.78
126	600	20	49	10	2.512	2.508	0.15	8.45	8.569	-1.41
129	600	5	5	1	2.711	2.720	-0.32	2.69	2.648	1.55
131	600	5	5	5	2.679	2.685	-0.24	3.84	3.790	1.31
133	600	5	5	10	2.652	2.656	-0.16	4.81	4.808	0.04
134	600	10	5	0	2.713	2.716	-0.11	2.13	1.886	11.48
137	600	10	5	2	2.68	2.679	0.03	3.32	3.274	1.40
139	600	10	5	7	2.611	2.606	0.19	5.81	6.038	-3.93
141	600	20	5	0	2.678	2.672	0.24	2.41	2.652	-10.03
143	600	20	5	1	2.641	2.636	0.20	3.75	3.939	-5.05
144	600	20	5	2	2.617	2.621	-0.16	4.63	4.513	2.54
147	600	20	5	10	2.5	2.500	-0.01	8.89	8.854	0.40
			MAPE			0.093			1.400
			RMSE			0.004			0.136

Sample ID	Compact pressure (MPa)	Reinforcement ratio (%)	Reinforcement size (μm)	Milling time (h)	Density (g/cm³)			Porosity (%)
Sample ID	Compact pressure (MPa)	Reinforcement ratio (%)	Reinforcement size (μm)	Milling time (h)	Measured	Predicted	Error (%)	Measured	Predicted	Error (%)
2	200	0	0	0.5	2.659	2.654	0.19	5.04	4.948	1.82
8	200	5	49	0	2.658	2.668	-0.38	4.6	4.452	3.22
11	200	5	49	2	2.622	2.616	0.23	5.89	6.225	-5.69
13	200	5	49	7	2.571	2.567	0.17	7.72	7.946	-2.92
16	200	10	49	0.5	2.595	2.590	0.20	6.39	6.439	-0.77
20	200	10	49	7	2.465	2.463	0.10	11.08	11.137	-0.52
26	200	20	49	5	2.511	2.492	0.75	8.49	9.228	-8.70
30	200	5	5	0.5	2.633	2.638	-0.19	5.49	5.502	-0.22
34	200	5	5	7	2.562	2.559	0.13	8.04	8.230	-2.36
38	200	10	5	1	2.572	2.565	0.27	7.22	7.263	-0.60
42	200	10	5	10	2.438	2.447	-0.35	12.05	11.768	2.34
47	200	20	5	5	2.473	2.477	-0.17	9.88	9.756	1.26
55	400	0	0	7	2.66	2.646	0.52	5	5.167	-3.34
59	400	5	49	1	2.681	2.681	-0.01	3.77	3.991	-5.86
61	400	5	49	5	2.647	2.649	-0.09	4.99	5.054	-1.28
63	400	5	49	10	2.615	2.612	0.10	6.14	6.343	-3.31
67	400	10	49	2	2.615	2.622	-0.28	5.66	5.418	4.27
70	400	10	49	10	2.503	2.511	-0.30	9.7	9.652	0.49
73	400	20	49	1	2.59	2.589	0.04	5.62	5.721	-1.79
78	400	5	5	0	2.702	2.706	-0.15	3.02	3.119	-3.29
81	400	5	5	2	2.668	2.669	-0.03	4.24	4.423	-4.31
86	400	10	5	0.5	2.632	2.631	0.02	5.45	4.984	8.55
93	400	20	5	0.5	2.591	2.595	-0.14	5.58	5.521	1.05
97	400	20	5	7	2.45	2.459	-0.36	10.71	10.356	3.30
100	600	0	0	0.5	2.754	2.747	0.24	1.64	1.677	-2.28
103	600	0	0	5	2.705	2.699	0.21	3.39	3.303	2.57
106	600	5	49	0	2.745	2.752	-0.26	1.47	1.504	-2.34
109	600	5	49	2	2.705	2.713	-0.30	2.91	2.870	1.38
111	600	5	49	7	2.667	2.673	-0.21	4.27	4.236	0.78
114	600	10	49	0.5	2.715	2.712	0.12	2.06	2.104	-2.12
121	600	20	49	0.5	2.661	2.668	-0.28	3.02	2.714	10.13
124	600	20	49	5	2.592	2.599	-0.28	5.54	5.360	3.25
128	600	5	5	0.5	2.73	2.733	-0.11	2.01	2.175	-8.19
132	600	5	5	7	2.655	2.665	-0.37	4.7	4.505	4.16
136	600	10	5	1	2.692	2.689	0.10	2.89	2.869	0.74
140	600	10	5	10	2.606	2.588	0.68	6	6.783	-13.05
145	600	20	5	5	2.582	2.593	-0.41	5.9	5.602	5.06
			MAPE			0.119			1.720
			RMSE			0.005			0.179

Sample ID	Compact pressure (MPa)	Reinforcement ratio (%)	Reinforcement size (μm)	Milling time (h)	Density (g/cm³)			Porosity (%)
Sample ID	Compact pressure (MPa)	Reinforcement ratio (%)	Reinforcement size (μm)	Milling time (h)	Measured	Predicted	Error (%)	Measured	Predicted	Error (%)
2	200	0	0	0.5	2.659	2.654	0.19	5.04	4.948	1.82
8	200	5	49	0	2.658	2.668	-0.38	4.6	4.452	3.22
11	200	5	49	2	2.622	2.616	0.23	5.89	6.225	-5.69
13	200	5	49	7	2.571	2.567	0.17	7.72	7.946	-2.92
16	200	10	49	0.5	2.595	2.590	0.20	6.39	6.439	-0.77
20	200	10	49	7	2.465	2.463	0.10	11.08	11.137	-0.52
26	200	20	49	5	2.511	2.492	0.75	8.49	9.228	-8.70
30	200	5	5	0.5	2.633	2.638	-0.19	5.49	5.502	-0.22
34	200	5	5	7	2.562	2.559	0.13	8.04	8.230	-2.36
38	200	10	5	1	2.572	2.565	0.27	7.22	7.263	-0.60
42	200	10	5	10	2.438	2.447	-0.35	12.05	11.768	2.34
47	200	20	5	5	2.473	2.477	-0.17	9.88	9.756	1.26
55	400	0	0	7	2.66	2.646	0.52	5	5.167	-3.34
59	400	5	49	1	2.681	2.681	-0.01	3.77	3.991	-5.86
61	400	5	49	5	2.647	2.649	-0.09	4.99	5.054	-1.28
63	400	5	49	10	2.615	2.612	0.10	6.14	6.343	-3.31
67	400	10	49	2	2.615	2.622	-0.28	5.66	5.418	4.27
70	400	10	49	10	2.503	2.511	-0.30	9.7	9.652	0.49
73	400	20	49	1	2.59	2.589	0.04	5.62	5.721	-1.79
78	400	5	5	0	2.702	2.706	-0.15	3.02	3.119	-3.29
81	400	5	5	2	2.668	2.669	-0.03	4.24	4.423	-4.31
86	400	10	5	0.5	2.632	2.631	0.02	5.45	4.984	8.55
93	400	20	5	0.5	2.591	2.595	-0.14	5.58	5.521	1.05
97	400	20	5	7	2.45	2.459	-0.36	10.71	10.356	3.30
100	600	0	0	0.5	2.754	2.747	0.24	1.64	1.677	-2.28
103	600	0	0	5	2.705	2.699	0.21	3.39	3.303	2.57
106	600	5	49	0	2.745	2.752	-0.26	1.47	1.504	-2.34
109	600	5	49	2	2.705	2.713	-0.30	2.91	2.870	1.38
111	600	5	49	7	2.667	2.673	-0.21	4.27	4.236	0.78
114	600	10	49	0.5	2.715	2.712	0.12	2.06	2.104	-2.12
121	600	20	49	0.5	2.661	2.668	-0.28	3.02	2.714	10.13
124	600	20	49	5	2.592	2.599	-0.28	5.54	5.360	3.25
128	600	5	5	0.5	2.73	2.733	-0.11	2.01	2.175	-8.19
132	600	5	5	7	2.655	2.665	-0.37	4.7	4.505	4.16
136	600	10	5	1	2.692	2.689	0.10	2.89	2.869	0.74
140	600	10	5	10	2.606	2.588	0.68	6	6.783	-13.05
145	600	20	5	5	2.582	2.593	-0.41	5.9	5.602	5.06
			MAPE			0.119			1.720
			RMSE			0.005			0.179

Sample ID	Compact pressure (MPa)	Reinforcement ratio (%)	Reinforcement size (μm)	Milling time (h)	Density (g/cm³)			Porosity (%)
Sample ID	Compact pressure (MPa)	Reinforcement ratio (%)	Reinforcement size (μm)	Milling time (h)	Measured	Predicted	Error (%)	Measured	Predicted	Error (%)
4	200	0	0	2	2.634	2.627	0.28	5.9	5.849	0.87
6	200	0	0	7	2.612	2.604	0.32	6.71	6.658	0.78
12	200	5	49	5	2.594	2.602	-0.32	6.9	6.699	2.91
15	200	10	49	0	2.615	2.610	0.17	5.67	5.694	-0.42
18	200	10	49	2	2.572	2.562	0.40	7.22	7.454	-3.24
21	200	10	49	10	2.45	2.454	-0.15	11.62	11.559	0.53
24	200	20	49	1	2.542	2.535	0.27	7.36	7.619	-3.52
29	200	5	5	0	2.652	2.656	-0.15	4.81	4.871	-1.27
32	200	5	5	2	2.613	2.612	0.05	6.21	6.372	-2.62
37	200	10	5	0.5	2.58	2.581	-0.04	6.93	6.709	3.19
40	200	10	5	5	2.533	2.518	0.60	8.63	9.097	-5.41
46	200	20	5	2	2.51	2.531	-0.83	8.53	7.817	8.36
48	200	20	5	7	2.402	2.409	-0.28	12.47	12.153	2.54
52	400	0	0	1	2.693	2.690	0.13	3.82	3.702	3.10
56	400	0	0	10	2.657	2.640	0.65	5.11	5.391	-5.50
66	400	10	49	1	2.638	2.631	0.27	4.94	5.039	-2.00
68	400	10	49	5	2.592	2.593	-0.05	6.49	6.569	-1.22
74	400	20	49	2	2.578	2.580	-0.06	6.05	6.074	-0.39
76	400	20	49	7	2.471	2.468	0.11	9.95	10.026	-0.76
82	400	5	5	5	2.635	2.642	-0.28	5.42	5.296	2.28
84	400	5	5	10	2.605	2.605	0.01	6.5	6.610	-1.69
88	400	10	5	2	2.603	2.614	-0.43	6.1	5.681	6.88
90	400	10	5	7	2.505	2.514	-0.37	9.63	9.369	2.71
94	400	20	5	1	2.583	2.582	0.03	5.87	5.964	-1.61
98	400	20	5	10	2.437	2.442	-0.22	11.19	10.943	2.20
104	600	0	0	7	2.692	2.689	0.11	3.86	3.656	5.29
108	600	5	49	1	2.719	2.728	-0.32	2.4	2.364	1.50
113	600	10	49	0	2.722	2.723	-0.05	1.8	1.674	7.01
116	600	10	49	2	2.685	2.685	0.00	3.14	3.109	0.99
119	600	10	49	10	2.614	2.598	0.60	5.7	6.457	-13.28
122	600	20	49	1	2.653	2.651	0.09	3.32	3.353	-0.99
127	600	5	5	0	2.735	2.746	-0.40	1.83	1.724	5.77
130	600	5	5	2	2.697	2.708	-0.42	3.19	3.045	4.55
135	600	10	5	0.5	2.709	2.703	0.23	2.27	2.373	-4.54
138	600	10	5	5	2.653	2.657	-0.15	4.29	4.179	2.59
142	600	20	5	0.5	2.65	2.653	-0.12	3.43	3.304	3.67
146	600	20	5	7	2.515	2.524	-0.37	8.35	8.005	4.13
		MAPE			0.126			1.625
		RMSE			0.006			0.179

Modeling of the Prediction of Densification Behavior of Powder Metallurgy Al-Cu-Mg/B₄C Composites Using Artificial Neural Networks

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 15

References 34

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	S. Bi, B. L. Xiao, Z. H. Ji, B. S. Liu, Z. Y. Liu, Z. Y. Ma. Dispersion and Damage of Carbon Nanotubes in Carbon Nanotube/7055Al Composites During High-Energy Ball Milling Process [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2021, 34(2): 196-204.
[2]	Hao Wu, Si-Rui Huang, Cheng-Yan Zhu, Ji-Feng Zhang, He-Guo Zhu, Zong-Han Xie. In Situ TiC/FeCrNiCu High-Entropy Alloy Matrix Composites: Reaction Mechanism, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2020, 33(8): 1091-1102.
[3]	Zhigang Zhang, Xiaotong Lu, Jianrong Xu, Hongjie Luo. Characterization and Tribological Properties of Graphene/Copper Composites Fabricated by Electroless Plating and Powder Metallurgy [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2020, 33(7): 903-912.
[4]	Yu-Ning Zan, Yang-Tao Zhou, Xiao-Nan Li, Guo-Nan Ma, Zhen-Yu Liu, Quan-Zhao Wang, Dong Wang, Bo-Lv Xiao, Zong-Yi Ma. Enhancing High-Temperature Strength and Thermal Stability of Al₂O₃/Al Composites by High-Temperature Pre-treatment of Ultrafine Al Powders [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2020, 33(7): 913-921.
[5]	Juan Liu, Yuze Wu, Lin Wang, Hui Wang, Charlie Kong, Alexander Pesin, Alexander P. Zhilyaev, Hailiang Yu. Fabrication and Characterization of High-Bonding-Strength Al/Ti/Al-Laminated Composites via Cryorolling [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2020, 33(6): 871-880.
[6]	Yue Su, Shun-Cun Luo, Liang Meng, Piao Gao, Ze-Min Wang. Selective Laser Melting of In Situ TiB/Ti6Al4V Composites: Formability, Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Performance [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2020, 33(6): 774-788.
[7]	Yanghuan Zhang, Zhenyang Li, Wei Zhang, Wengang Bu, Yan Qi, Shihai Guo. Structure and Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage Properties of as-Milled Mg-Ce-Ni-Al-Based Alloys [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2020, 33(5): 630-642.
[8]	Tielong Han, Jiajun Li, Naiqin Zhao, Chunnian He. Fabrication of Graphene Nanoplates Modified with Nickel Nanoparticles for Reinforcing Copper Matrix Composites [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2020, 33(5): 643-648.
[9]	Dong Li, Chaoyu Wang, Yishi Su, Di Zhang, Qiubao Ouyang. Governing the Inclination Angle of Graphite Flakes in the Graphite Flake/Al Composites by Controlling the Al Particle Size via Flake Powder Metallurgy [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2020, 33(5): 649-658.
[10]	Jin Hyuk Choi, Gobinda Gyawali, Dhani Ram Dhakal, Bhupendra Joshi, Soo Wohn Lee. Electrodeposited Ni-W-TiC Composite Coatings: Effect of TiC Reinforcement on Microstructural and Tribological Properties [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2020, 33(4): 573-582.
[11]	Le Zhang, Wei Wang, fei Xiao, Shahzad M. Babar, Yiyin Shan, Ke Yang. Ultra-thin Laminated Metal Composites with Ultra-high Strength and Excellent Soft Magnetic Properties [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2020, 33(3): 385-390.
[12]	Jinwei Yin, Peilong Zhou, Hanqin Liang, Dongxu Yao, Yongfeng Xia, Kaihui Zuo, YuPing Zeng. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cu Matrix Composites Reinforced by TiB₂/TiN Ceramic Reinforcements [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2020, 33(12): 1609-1617.
[13]	Liang Yang, Jun Li, Defang Tu, Joel C. J. Strickland, Qiaodan Hu, Hongbiao Dong, Jianguo Li. Reduced Annealing Time and Enhanced Magnetocaloric Effect of La(Fe, Al)₁₃ Alloy by La-nonstoichiometry and Si-doping [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2020, 33(11): 1535-1542.
[14]	Haoqiang Zhang, Xixi Niu, Zhiliang Pei, Nanlin Shi, Jun Gong, Chao Sun. Effects of Cr and Al Contents on the Preparation of SiC Fiber-Reinforced NiCrAl Alloy Matrix Composite [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2020, 33(10): 1416-1422.
[15]	Sami Bin Humam, Gobinda Gyawali, Dhani Ram Dhakal, Jin-Hyuk Choi, Soo Wohn Lee. Effect of Pulse and Direct Current Electrodeposition on Microstructure, Surface, and Scratch Resistance Properties of Ni-W Alloy and Ni-W-SiC Composite Coatings [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2020, 33(10): 1321-1330.