Orientation-Dependent Characteristics for Residual Grains during Hot Deformation of Nickel-Based Alloy 925

doi:10.1007/s40195-021-01199-0

Abstract

Abstract:

In the present work, the orientation characteristics of residual grains during hot deformation of an age-hardening Ni-Fe-Cr alloy (Alloy 925) at different conditions were systematically analyzed through high-resolution electron back-scatter diffraction. Based on the measurement of the kernel average misorientation, the density of geometrical necessary dislocations (GNDs) was further calculated. The orientation-dependent deformation mechanism of the residual grains was also discussed using Schmid factor difference ratio (SFDR) analysis. The results show that the deformed microstructure features typical “necklace” structures. Many distorted twin boundaries can be observed within the residual grains at 950 °C. When the deformation temperature increases to 1150 °C, the volume fraction of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) increases, leading to the extensive formation of primary Σ3 twin boundaries. Additionally, the GNDs are widely distributed in the residual grains, while they are rare for the recrystallized grains. The maximum GND density value can be obtained at the interface of “soft-hard” grains. The GND density also increases at higher strain rates, and the number of DRX grains significantly affects the distribution of the GND density. Moreover, based on the calculations and SFDR analysis, it can be summarized that the {100} and {111} grains are prone to deform in the uniserial slip mode and the multiple slip mode, respectively.

Key words: Alloy 925, Hot deformation, Orientation, Geometrically necessary dislocation, Schmid factor

Yulong Zhu, Yu Cao, Rui Luo, Cunjian Liu, Hongshuang Di, Gang Shu, Guangjie Huang, Qing Liu. Orientation-Dependent Characteristics for Residual Grains during Hot Deformation of Nickel-Based Alloy 925[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2021, 34(9): 1296-1306.

Figures/Tables 12

Table 1 Chemical compositions of Alloy 925 (wt%)

Ni	Cr	Mo	Cu	Ti	Al	Si	P	Fe
42.40	21.42	2.80	2.24	2.16	0.50	0.34	0.05	Bal.

Fig. 1 Metallographs of the deformation microstructures under different conditions: a 950 °C/0.01 s-1, b 950 °C/0.1 s-1, c 950 °C/1 s-1, d 950 °C/10 s-1, e 1150 °C/0.01 s-1, f 1150 °C/0.1 s-1, g 1150 °C/1 s-1, h 1150 °C/10 s-1

Fig. 2 Microstructure characterizations showing the PSN mechanism: a band contrast map of the EBSD mapping, b inverse pole map (IPF) of the EBSD mapping, c, d energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) microanalyses of the large-sized particles

Fig. 3 IPF maps of deformation microstructures under different conditions: a 950 °C/0.01 s-1, b 950 °C/0.1 s-1, c 950 °C/1 s-1, d 950 °C/10 s-1, e 1150 °C/0.01 s-1, f 1150 °C/0.1 s-1, g 1150 °C/1 s-1, h 1150 °C/10 s-1

Fig. 4 a IPF maps of the microstructure at 950 °C and 10 s-1; b, c pole figures from Block 1 and Block 2 with the common {111} habit plane highlighted; d, e corresponding misorientation profiles along line A-B and line C-D

Fig. 5 a IPF map of the deformation microstructure at 1150 °C and 0.01 s-1, b pole figures of the dashed zone with the common {111} habit plane shown, c corresponding misorientation profile along line E-F

Fig. 6 Misorientation profiles along lines L1-L8 (see Fig. 3) of the {111} and {100} grains at a deformation temperature of 950 °C and strain rates of a 0.01 s-1, b 0.1 s-1, c 1 s-1, d 10 s-1

Fig. 7 GND density maps based on local misorientation results for different deformation conditions: a 950 °C/0.01 s-1, b 950 °C/0.1 s-1, c 950 °C/1 s-1, d 950 °C/10 s-1, e 1150 °C/0.01 s-1, f 1150 °C/0.1 s-1, g 1150 °C/1 s-1, h 1150 °C/10 s-1

Fig. 8 GND density plot based on local line scanning across the residual grain

Fig. 9 Global distribution histograms of the GND density from the corresponding mapping results in Fig. 7. The mean GND density is labeled in each histogram

Table 2 SFDR values of some random points within the {111} and {100} grains

Type	Deformation condition	Eulers (°)	S_m	S_s	SFDR (%)
{111}	950 °C /0.01 s^-1	(95.1, 32.9, 88.8)	0.4281	0.4260	0.4951
	950 °C /0.1 s^-1	(99.4, 32.7, 82.2)	0.4029	0.4027	0.0407
	950 °C /1 s^-1	(88.6, 52.8, 46.8)	0.4091	0.4067	0.5738
	950 °C /10 s^-1	(88.6, 43, 46.4)	0.4102	0.4059	1.309
	1150 °C /0.01 s^-1	(265.8, 46.5, 51.1)	0.4130	0.3981	3.605
	1150 °C /0.1 s^-1	(264.5, 49.5, 50.8)	0.4094	0.3989	2.559
	1150 °C /1 s^-1	(263.8, 47.8, 51.9)	0.4069	0.3995	1.830
	1150 °C /10 s^-1	(84.6, 42.5, 51.4)	0.4062	0.4038	0.5881
{100}	950 °C /0.01 s^-1	(218, 19.8, 57.3)	0.4849	0.4031	16.87
	950 °C /0.1 s^-1	(176.2, 15.1, 21.8)	0.4598	0.3970	13.67
	950 °C /1 s^-1	(253, 10, 59.9)	0.4331	0.3774	12.84
	950 °C /10 s^-1	(217.7, 14.5, 27.3)	0.4897	0.4246	13.23
	1150 °C /0.01 s^-1	(224, 19.8, 65.3)	0.4736	0.4097	13.50
	1150 °C /0.1 s^-1	(234.3, 5.5, 86.3)	0.4276	0.3789	11.39
	1150 °C /1 s^-1	(241.7, 4.4, 71.1)	0.4318	0.3806	11.87
	1150 °C /10 s^-1	(238.6, 7.3, 74.2)	0.4367	0.3703	15.20

Fig. 10 Distribution maps of SFDR values for different deformation conditions: a 950 °C/0.01 s-1, b 950 °C/0.1 s-1, c 950 °C/1 s-1, d 950 °C/10 s-1, e 1150 °C/0.01 s-1, f 1150 °C/0.1 s-1, g 1150 °C/1 s-1, and h 1150 °C/10 s-1

References 35

[1]	S. McCoy, U. Hereford, B. Puckett, E. Hibner, W. Huntington, Balance 14, 16 (2002)
[2]	Y.L. Zhu, Y. Cao, C.J. Liu, R. Luo, N. Li, G. Shu, G.J. Huang, Q. Liu, Mater. Today Commun. 25, 101329 (2020)
[3]	C. Tang, Z. Bi, J. Du, J. Zhang, Energy Mater. 2014, 679(2014)
[4]	Q. Bai, Q. Zhao, S. Xia, B. Wang, B. Zhou, C. Su, Mater. Charact. 123, 178 (2016) DOI URL
[5]	P. Ganesan, E.F. Clatworthy, J.A. Harris, Corrosion-US 44, 827 (1988)
[6]	Q. Zhao, S. Xia, B.X. Zhou, Q. Bai, C. Su, B.S. Wang, Z.G. Cai, Acta Metall. Sin. 51, 1465 (2015)
[7]	Z. Shi, X. Yan, C. Duan, J. Alloys Compd. 652, 30 (2015) DOI URL
[8]	W.X. Chen, B.J. Hu, C.N. Jia, C.W. Zheng, D.Z. Li, Acta Metall. Sin. 56, 874 (2020)
[9]	A. Momeni, S.M. Abbasi, M. Morakabati, H. Badri, X. Wang, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 615, 51 (2014)
[10]	X.P. Chen, S. Li, L. Mei, P. Ren, Q. Liu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 729, 458 (2018)
[11]	J.A. Bahena, N.M. Heckman, C.M. Barr, K. Hattar, B.L. Boyce, A.M. Hodge, Acta Mater. 195, 132 (2020) DOI URL
[12]	X. Wu, M. Yang, F. Yuan, G. Wu, Y. Zhu, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112, 14501 (2015)
[13]	A. Arsenlis, D.M. Parks, Acta Mater. 47, 1597 (1999) DOI URL
[14]	F.M. Ashby, Philos. Mag. 21, 399 (1970)
[15]	H.J. Gao, Y. Huang, W.D. Nix, J.W. Hutchinson, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 47, 1239 (1999)
[16]	X. Ma, C. Huang, J. Moering, M. Ruppert, H.W. HöPpel, M. GöKen, J. Narayan, Y. Zhu, Acta Mater. 116, 43 (2016) DOI URL
[17]	S. Lu, B. Zhang, X. Li, J. Zhao, M. Zaiser, H. Fan, X. Zhang, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 126, 117 (2019)
[18]	Q.N. Han, S.S. Rui, W. Qiu, X. Ma, H. Shi, Acta Mater. 179, 129 (2019) DOI
[19]	S. Zhang, W. Liu, J. Wan, R.D.K. Misra, C. Wang, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 775, 138939 (2020)
[20]	S. Birosca, IOP Conf. 82, 012033 (2015)
[21]	S. Birosca, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 50, 534 (2019)
[22]	S. Birosca, F. Di Gioacchino, S. Stekovic, Acta Mater. 74, 110 (2014) DOI URL
[23]	X.G. Wang, J.L. Liu, T. Jin, X.F. Sun, Y.Z. Zhou, Z.Q. Hu, J.H. Do, B.G. Choi, I.S. Kim, C.Y. Jo, Scr. Mater. 99, 57 (2015) DOI URL
[24]	ASTM E209-00, Standard Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heating Rates and Strain Rates (ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2000).
[25]	C. Kienl, F.D. León-Cázares, C.M.F. Rae, Acta Mater. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.12.047
[26]	E. Pu, W. Zheng, Z. Song, H. Feng, J. Alloys Compd. 694, 617 (2017) DOI URL
[27]	Y.H. Liu, S.F. Liu, J.L. Zhu, C. Deng, H.Y. Fan, L.F. Cao, Q. Liu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 707, 518 (2017)
[28]	J.W. Kysar, Y.X. Gan, T.L. Morse, X. Chen, M.E. Jones, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 55, 1554 (2007)
[29]	J. Jiang, T.B. Britton, A.J. Wilkinson, Acta Mater. 61, 7227 (2013) DOI URL
[30]	W. Pantleon, Scr. Mater. 58, 994 (2008) DOI URL
[31]	M. Calcagnotto, D. Ponge, E. Demir, D. Raabe, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 527, 2738 (2010)
[32]	P.D. Littlewood, T.B. Britton, A.J. Wilkinson, Acta Mater. 59, 6489 (2011) DOI URL
[33]	Y. Liu, S. Liu, H. Fan, C. Deng, Q. Liu, Mater. Charact. 154, 277 (2019) DOI URL
[34]	Y.C. Lin, X.Y. Wu, X.M. Chen, J. Chen, D.X. Wen, J.L. Zhang, L.T. Li, J. Alloys Compd. 640, 101 (2015) DOI URL
[35]	A. Clair, M. Foucault, O. Calonne, Y. Lacroute, L. Markey, M. Salazar, V. Vignal, E. Finot, Acta Mater. 59, 3116 (2011) DOI URL