Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) ›› 2020, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (11): 1556-1570.DOI: 10.1007/s40195-020-01125-w
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Hongduo Wang1,3, Kuaishe Wang1,2(
), Wen Wang1,2(), Yongxin Lu3, Pai Peng1,2, Peng Han1,2, Ke Qiao1,2, Zhihao Liu1,2, Lei Wang3
Received:2020-04-19
Revised:2020-06-14
Accepted:2020-06-18
Online:2020-11-10
Published:2020-11-17
Contact:
Kuaishe Wang,Wen Wang
Hongduo Wang, Kuaishe Wang, Wen Wang, Yongxin Lu, Pai Peng, Peng Han, Ke Qiao, Zhihao Liu, Lei Wang. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon Q235 Steel Welded Using Friction Stir Welding[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2020, 33(11): 1556-1570.
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| C | Mn | Si | Ni | Mo | V | Cu | P | S | Fe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.167 | 0.284 | 0.162 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.021 | 0.010 | Bal |
Table 1 Chemical composition of the Q235 mild steel (wt%)
| C | Mn | Si | Ni | Mo | V | Cu | P | S | Fe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.167 | 0.284 | 0.162 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.021 | 0.010 | Bal |
Fig. 1 a Schematic diagram of the FSW, b dimensions of the stir pin, WD: direction of the welding, TD: transverse direction, ND: normal direction, RD: direction of the rolling of the plate, measured in mm
Fig. 2 Sampling diagrams of the FSW joint, the tensile specimen of the SZ and the three-point bending specimen
Fig. 3 Cross-sectional macrostructure of the FSW joint
Fig. 4 Microstructures of the BM (zone 1 in Fig. 3): a OM, b SEM microstructure of the pearlite, c EBSD map, d misorientation angle distribution, e distribution of the recrystallized grains. The yellow indicates the recrystallized grains
Fig. 5 Microstructures of the each zone in the joint, a-e OM microstructures of the HAZRS, TMAZRS, SZ, TMAZAS, and HAZAS (zones 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in Fig. 3), f-j SEM microstructures of the pearlite corresponding to the respective zones. The GF refers to the grain boundary ferrite, and the AF refers to the acicular ferrite
Fig. 6 EBSD microstructures in each zone of the joint: a-e HAZRS, TMAZRS, SZ, TMAZAS, and HAZAS, respectively (zones 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in Fig. 3). f-h misorientation angle distributions of the TMAZRS, SZ, and TMAZAS, respectively. The misorientation angle of the HAGBs is larger than 15°, and the misorientation angle of the LAGBs is between 2° and 15°, which are marked with the black and white lines, respectively
Fig. 7 Proportion of the LAGBs, HAGBs and recrystallized grain (RXG) and the grain size in each zone of the joint
Fig. 8 Morphologies of the recrystallized grains in a TMAZRS, b SZ, c TMAZAS (zones 3, 4, and 5 in Fig. 3). Yellow indicates the recrystallized grains. The misorientation angle of the HAGBs is larger than 15°, and the misorientation angle of the LAGBs is between 2° and 15°. Black and green lines represent the HAGBs and LAGBs, respectively
Fig. 9 ODF at the cross sections of the φ2 = 0° and φ2 = 45° and the composition of the superimposed ideal shear texture of a body-centered cubic (bcc) metal, a TMAZRS, b SZ, c TMAZAS
| Shear component | $\left\{ {hkl} \right\}\left\langle {uvw} \right\rangle$ | Euler angles (deg.) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| φ1 | φ | φ2 | ||
| $D_{1}$ | $\left\{ {{{\bar{1}\bar{1}2}}} \right\}\left\langle {111} \right\rangle$ | 54.7/234.7 | 45 | 0 |
| 144.7/324.7 | 90 | 45 | ||
| $D_{2}$ | $\left\{ {{{11\overline{2}}}} \right\}\left\langle {111} \right\rangle$ | 125.3/305.3 | 45 | 0 |
| 35.3/215.3 | 90 | 45 | ||
| $E$ | $\left\{ {{110}} \right\}\left\langle {1\overline{1}1} \right\rangle$ | 90 | 35.3 | 45 |
| $\overline{E}$ | $\left\{ {{{\overline{1}\overline{1}0}}} \right\}\left\langle {1\overline{1}1} \right\rangle$ | 270 | 35.3 | 45 |
| $J$ | $\left\{ {{110}} \right\}\left\langle {1\overline{1}2} \right\rangle$ | 90/210/330 | 54.7 | 45 |
| $\overline{J}$ | $\left\{ {{{\overline{1}\overline{1}0}}} \right\}\left\langle {\overline{1}1\overline{2}} \right\rangle$ | 30/150/270 | 54.7 | 45 |
| $F$ | $\left\{ {{110}} \right\}\left\langle {001} \right\rangle$ | 0/180 | 45 | 0 |
| 90/270 | 90 | 45 | ||
Table 2 Orientation of the ideal crystallographic in the simple shear deformation of a bcc metal [50]
| Shear component | $\left\{ {hkl} \right\}\left\langle {uvw} \right\rangle$ | Euler angles (deg.) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| φ1 | φ | φ2 | ||
| $D_{1}$ | $\left\{ {{{\bar{1}\bar{1}2}}} \right\}\left\langle {111} \right\rangle$ | 54.7/234.7 | 45 | 0 |
| 144.7/324.7 | 90 | 45 | ||
| $D_{2}$ | $\left\{ {{{11\overline{2}}}} \right\}\left\langle {111} \right\rangle$ | 125.3/305.3 | 45 | 0 |
| 35.3/215.3 | 90 | 45 | ||
| $E$ | $\left\{ {{110}} \right\}\left\langle {1\overline{1}1} \right\rangle$ | 90 | 35.3 | 45 |
| $\overline{E}$ | $\left\{ {{{\overline{1}\overline{1}0}}} \right\}\left\langle {1\overline{1}1} \right\rangle$ | 270 | 35.3 | 45 |
| $J$ | $\left\{ {{110}} \right\}\left\langle {1\overline{1}2} \right\rangle$ | 90/210/330 | 54.7 | 45 |
| $\overline{J}$ | $\left\{ {{{\overline{1}\overline{1}0}}} \right\}\left\langle {\overline{1}1\overline{2}} \right\rangle$ | 30/150/270 | 54.7 | 45 |
| $F$ | $\left\{ {{110}} \right\}\left\langle {001} \right\rangle$ | 0/180 | 45 | 0 |
| 90/270 | 90 | 45 | ||
Fig. 10 a Distribution of the microhardness on the joint’s cross section, b microstructure of the bainite, c microstructure underwent the incomplete transformation of the austenite, d distribution of the microhardness at different thicknesses of the joint
Fig. 11 Comparison of a the engineering stress-strain curves, b the mechanical properties of the BM, the joints of the FSW and SZ
Fig. 12 a Fractured locations of the joint, b OM microstructure at the location of the fracture and the fracture SEM images of c FSW specimen, d BM
Fig. 13 a Position of the fractures of the SZ specimen, b OM microstructure of the position of the fracture, c SEM of the fracture of the SZ specimen. AF acicular ferrite
Fig. 14 a Macro-morphology of the specimens of the face-bending and back-bending of the joint, b bending load-displacement curves of the BM and the joints of the FSW
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