Mechanical Behavior and Failure Mechanism of an As-Extruded Mg-11wt%Y Alloy at Elevated Temperature

doi:10.1007/s40195-024-01700-5

Abstract

Abstract:

Through carrying out the high-temperature tensile experiments on an as-extruded Mg-11wt%Y alloy at 350 °C, 400 °C, 450 °C, 500 °C and 550 °C, the mechanical behavior and fracture mechanisms at elevated temperatures are investigated and compared. Tensile results show that with the increase of temperature, the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the alloy increase at first and then decrease, while that the elongation ratio decreases firstly and then increases. For the sample being tested at 350 °C, the values of yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and the elongation ratio are 188 MPa, 266 MPa and 11%, respectively. At 400 °C, the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength reach the maximum values of, respectively, 198 MPa and 277 MPa, but the elongation ratio is the lowest and its value is only 8%. When the applied temperature is increased to 550 °C, the values of yield strength and ultimate tensile strength, respectively, decrease to 140 MPa and 192 MPa and the elongation ratio increases to 38%. Failure analysis demonstrates that the fracture surfaces of different samples are mainly composed of plastic dimples and exhibit the typical characteristic of ductile fracture. The observation to the fracture side surfaces indicates that at the temperatures of 350 °C and 400 °C, microcracks mainly initiate in the interior of Mg₂₄Y₅ particles. When the temperatures are 450 °C, 500 °C and 550 °C, the cracks preferentially initiate at the Mg₂₄Y₅/α-Mg interfaces.

Key words: Mg-Y alloy, High-temperature tensile properties, Fracture mechanism, Failure analysis

Lan Zhang, Dao-Kui Xu, Bao-Jie Wang, Cui-Lan Lu, Shuo Wang, Xiang-Bo Xu, Dong-Liang Wang, Xin Lv, En-Hou Han. Mechanical Behavior and Failure Mechanism of an As-Extruded Mg-11wt%Y Alloy at Elevated Temperature[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2024, 37(6): 969-981.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig. 1 Shape and dimensions of high-temperature tensile specimen

Fig. 2 XRD pattern of the as-extruded Mg-11Y alloy

Fig. 3 Microstructure observation to the etched microstructure of the as-extruded Mg-11Y alloy: a low-, b high-magnified images

Fig. 4 SEM observations and EDS analysis of the as-extruded Mg-11Y alloy: a low-magnified image, b high-magnified observation of the squared area in image a, c and d EDS elemental mapping of the image a

Fig. 5 TEM micrograph of the as-extruded Mg-11Y alloy: a bright field image, b the SAED patterns of the Mg24Y5 phase, c the SAED patterns of the α-Mg matrix

Fig. 6 Engineering tensile stress-strain curves of the samples being tested at different elevated temperatures

Table 1 High-temperature mechanical properties of the as-extruded Mg-11Y alloy

Conditions	σ_0.2 (MPa)	UTS (MPa)	ε_f (%)
350 °C	188 ± 3	266 ± 3	11 ± 1
400 °C	198 ± 5	277 ± 5	8 ± 1
450 °C	186 ± 4	261 ± 5	11 ± 2
500 °C	174 ± 4	243 ± 5	16 ± 2
550 °C	140 ± 3	192 ± 4	38 ± 3

Fig. 7 Variation trends of the UTS, yield strength (σ0.2) and elongation ratio of the tested samples at different temperatures: a UTS and σ0.2, b elongation ratio

Fig. 8 SE and BSE SEM observations to the fracture surfaces of the samples after being tensile tested at temperatures of: a 350 °C, b 400 °C, c 450 °C, d 500 °C, e 550 °C. Images f-j are, respectively, the high-magnified observations of the squared areas in images a-e. Images k-o are the corresponding BSE images f-j, respectively

Fig. 9 Optical microstructure and 3D morphologies of fracture surfaces of the samples after being tensile tested at the temperatures of: a 350 °C, c 400 °C, e 450 °C, g 500 °C, i 550 °C. Images b, d, f, h and j are the corresponding 3D morphologies of images a, c, e, g and i, respectively

Fig. 10 Observation to the side surfaces near to fracture sites of the samples after being tensile tested at the temperatures of: a 350 °C, c 400 °C, e 450 °C, g 500 °C and i 550 °C. Images b, d, f, h and j are the high-magnified observations of the squared areas in images a, c, e, g and i, respectively

Fig. 11 Optical observations to the etched side surfaces near to the fracture sites of the samples after being tensile tested at different temperature: a initial microstructure, b 350 °C, c 400 °C, d 450 °C, e 500 °C and f 550 °C

Fig. 12 Schematic models for the fracture mechanisms at elevated temperatures of: a below 450 °C, b above 450 °C

References 73

[1]	B.L. Mordike, T. Ebert, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 302, 37 (2001)
[2]	R.Z. Wu, Y. Liu, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 36, 177 (2023)
[3]	Z. Jiang, D.F. Shi, J. Zhang, T.M. Li, L.W. Lu, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 36, 179 (2023)
[4]	D.L. Wang, D.K. Xu, B.J. Wang, C.J. Yan, S. Wang, X.B. Xu, L. Zhang, C.L. Lu, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 176, 132 (2024)
[5]	D.K. Xu, T.T. Zu, M. Yin, Y.B. Xu, E.H. Han, J. Alloys Compd. 582, 161 (2014)
[6]	A.A. Luo, Int. Mater. Rev. 49, 13 (2004)
[7]	R.C. Zeng, W. Ke, Y.B. Xu, E.H. Han, Z.Y. Zhu, Acta Metall. Sin. 37, 673 (2001)
[8]	Y.Q. Yan, T.J. Zhang, J. Deng, L. Zhou, Rare Metal Mat. Eng. 33, 561 (2004)
[9]	L. Cao, Z.Q. Li, W.C. Liu, G.H. Wu, W.J. Ding, Light Metals 6, 48 (2018)
[10]	M. Easton, A. Beer, M. Barnett, C. Davies, G. Dunlop, Y. Durandet, S. Blacket, T. Hilditch, P. Beggs, JOM 60, 57 (2008)
[11]	N. Mo, Q. Tan, M. Bermingham, Y. Huang, H. Dieringa, N. Hort, M.X. Zhang, Mater. Des. 155, 422 (2018)
[12]	K. Luo, L. Zhang, G.H. Wu, W.C. Liu, W.J. Ding, J. Magnes. Alloys 7, 345 (2019)
[13]	X.X. Dong, E.A. Nyberg, S.X. Ji, Magnesium Technology 2020. ed. by J.B. Jordon, V. Miller, V.V. Joshi, N.R. Neelameggham (Springer, Cham, 2020), p. 31
[14]	B.L. Mordike, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 117, 391 (2001)
[15]	F.S. Pan, M.B. Yang, X.H. Chen, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 32, 1211 (2016)
[16]	Z.J. Yu, X. Xu, B.T. Du, K. Shi, K. Liu, S.B. Li, X.Z. Han, T. Xiao, W.B. Du, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 35, 596 (2022)
[17]	D.K. Xu, W.N. Tang, L. Liu, Y.B. Xu, E.H. Han, J. Alloys Compd. 432, 129 (2007)
[18]	D.K. Xu, E.H. Han, Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. 22, 364 (2012)
[19]	J.S. Xie, Z. Zhang, S.J. Liu, J.H. Zhang, J. Wang, Y.Y. He, L.W. Lu, Y.L. Jiao, R.Z. Wu, Int. J. Min. Met. Mater. 30, 82 (2023)
[20]	J.H. Zhang, S.J. Liu, R.Z. Wu, L.G. Hou, M.L. Zhang, J. Magnes. Alloys 6, 277 (2018)
[21]	L.L. Rokhlin, T.V. Dobatkina, N.I. Nikitina, I.E. Tarytina, Met. Sci. Heat Treat. 52, 588 (2011)
[22]	B. Chen, D.L. Lin, X.Q. Zeng, C. Lu, J. Mater. Sci. 45, 2510 (2010)
[23]	J.F. Nie, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 43, 3891 (2012)
[24]	M. Aljarrah, E. Essadiqi, Alex. Eng. J. 52, 221 (2013)
[25]	K. Yamada, H. Hoshikawa, S. Maki, T. Ozaki, Y. Kuroki, S. Kamado, Y. Kojima, Scr. Mater. 61, 636 (2009)
[26]	S.M. He, X.Q. Zeng, L.M. Peng, X. Gao, J.F. Nie, W.J. Ding, J. Alloys Compd. 427, 316 (2007)
[27]	J.W. Song, Y.F. Han, M.H. Fang, F.G. Hu, L.D. Ke, Y. Li, L.M. Lei, W.J. Lu, Mater. Charact. 165, 110342 (2020)
[28]	C. Cao, X.Y. Gao, Q. Ting, R. Kiran, J. Liu, Q.S. Wei, Y.S. Shi, Mat. Sci. Eng. A 802, 140426 (2021)
[29]	H. Okamoto, J. Phase Equilib. Differ. 31, 199 (2010)
[30]	Q. Zhang, Y. Wang, P. Li, Trans. Mater. Heat Treat. 39, 8 (2018)
[31]	J.C. Rao, M. Song, K. Furuya, S. Yoshimoto, M. Yamasaki, Y. Kawamura, J. Mater. Sci. 41, 2573 (2006)
[32]	G. Wang, J. Cao, Y. Zhou, N. Tian, J. Alloys Compd. 960, 170818 (2023)
[33]	Q. Zhang, Q. Li, X. Jing, X. Zhang, J. Rare Earth 28, 375 (2010)
[34]	A. Inoue, M. Matsushita, Y. Kawamura, K. Amiya, K. Hayashi, J. Koike, Mater. Trans. 43, 580 (2002)
[35]	L.Y. Sheng, B.N. Du, B.J. Wang, D.K. Xu, C. Lai, Y. Gao, T.F. Xi, Strength Mater. 50, 184 (2018)
[36]	K.E. Knipling, D.N. Seidman, D.C. Dunand, Acta Mater. 59, 943 (2011)
[37]	M. Zha, S.Q. Wang, T. Wang, H.L. Jia, Y.K. Li, Z.M. Hua, K. Guan, C. Wang, H.Y. Wang, Mater. Res. Lett. 11, 772 (2023)
[38]	P. Dai, X. Luo, Y.Q. Yang, Z.D. Kou, B. Huang, C. Wang, J.X. Zang, J.G. Ru, Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. 30, 63 (2020)
[39]	M. Xu, N. Li, X. Sha, Y. Liu, B. Gao, L. Xiao, X. Chen, H. Zhou, Mat. Sci. Eng. A 841, 143017 (2022)
[40]	R. Alizadeh, J. LLorca, Acta Mater. Mater. 186, 475 (2020)
[41]	S. Sandlöbes, M. Friák, J. Neugebauer, D. Raabe, Mat. Sci. Eng. A 576, 61 (2013)
[42]	L. Wang, M.C. Liu, J.C. Huang, Y. Li, W.H. Wang, T.G. Nieh, Intermetallics 26, 162 (2012)
[43]	S.K. Yadav, R. Ramprasad, A. Misra, X.Y. Liu, Acta Mater. 74, 268 (2014)
[44]	D.Z. Yang, Dislocations and strengthening mechanisms of metals (Harbin Institute of Technology Press, Harbin, 1991), p.107
[45]	Q. Yuan, B. Chen, J. Luo, D. Zhang, G. Quan, Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China 20, 426 (2010)
[46]	R. Ördek, L.C. Kumruoğlu, H. Şevik, Int. J. Cast Metal. Res. 34, 143 (2021)
[47]	S.H. Wang, J.L. Yang, J.Q. Pan, H.X. Wang, W.C. Zhang, Y.P. Sun, X.Y. Dai, W.Z. Chen, G.R. Cui, G.N. Chu, J. Alloys Compd. 911, 164987 (2022)
[48]	C.Y. Zhao, X.H. Chen, T. Tu, Z.Y. Wang, Y. Yuan, F.S. Pan, Adv. Eng. Mater. 23, 2001104 (2021)
[49]	Z.J. Wang, W.P. Jia, Z.J. Cui, J. Rare Earths 25, 744 (2007)
[50]	S.M. Zhu, J.F. Nie, Scr. Mater. 50, 51 (2004)
[51]	L. Gao, R.S. Chen, E.H. Han, J. Alloys Compd. 472, 234 (2009)
[52]	D.L. Olmsted, L.G. Hector Jr. W. A. Curtin, R.J. Clifton, Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 13, 371 (2005)
[53]	P. Lukáč, Z. Trojanová, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 462, 23 (2007)
[54]	Y. Yan, W.P. Deng, Z.F. Gao, J. Zhu, Z.J. Wang, X.W. Li, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 29, 163 (2016)
[55]	G. Bajargan, G. Singh, D. Sivakumar, U. Ramamurty, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 579, 26 (2013)
[56]	T. Al-Samman, Acta Mater. 57, 2229 (2009)
[57]	T. Ying, M.D. Yu, Y.W. Chen, H. Zhang, J.Y. Wang, X.Q. Zeng, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 35, 1973 (2022)
[58]	F.W. Jiao, L. Jin, J. Dong, F.H. Wang, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 32, 263 (2019)
[59]	S.Y. Chang, T. Nakagaido, S.K. Hong, D.H. Shin, T. Sato, Metall. Trans. 42, 1332 (2001)
[60]	G.S. Hu, M.P. Zhong, C.F. Guo, Metals 9, 1 (2019)
[61]	F.R. Cao, X. Ding, C. Xiang, H.H. Shang, Acta Metall. Sin. 57, 860 (2021)
[62]	R. Guo, X. Zhao, B.W. Hu, X.D. Tian, Q. Wang, Z.M. Zhang, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 36, 1680 (2023)
[63]	H. Mirzadeh, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 25, 7050 (2023)
[64]	D. Lin, L. Wang, F.Q. Meng, J.Z. Cui, Q.C. Le, Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China20, s421 (2010)
[65]	S.M. Jo, K.C. Park, B.H. Kim, H. Kimura, S.K. Park, Y.H. Park, Metall. Trans. 52, 1088 (2011)
[66]	C.H. Cai, R.B. Song, E. Wen, Y.J. Wang, J.Y. Li, Mater. Des. 182, 108038 (2019)
[67]	M. Meng, X. Che, Z.M. Zhang, B.B. Dong, Z. Shi, Mater. Res. Express. 5, 056530 (2018)
[68]	L.W. Zheng, H.H. Nie, W. Liang, H.X. Wang, Y.D. Wang, J. Magnes. Alloys 4, 115 (2016)
[69]	J. Wu, Q. Shi, Y.L. Chiu, Mater. Charact. 129, 46 (2017)
[70]	N. Wang, W.Y. Yu, B.Y. Tang, L.M. Peng, W.J. Ding, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 41, 195408 (2008)
[71]	X.Y. Qian, Y. Zeng, A. Davis, Q. Yang, Y.J. Wan, Q.R. Yang, K.X. Sun, B. Jiang, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 15, 3928 (2021)
[72]	T.F. Wu, R.L. Fan, D.P. Wu, J.L. Yang, M.H. Chen, J. Mater. Sci. 58, 8359 (2023)
[73]	C.L. Lu, D.K. Xu, L. Zhang, S. Wang, X.B. Xu, D.L. Wang, Coatings 13, 1758 (2023)