ZIF-8 Modified Ce-Sol-gel Film on Rebar for Enhancing Corrosion Resistance

doi:10.1007/s40195-024-01768-z

Abstract

Abstract:

Chloride-induced corrosion of steel reinforcement is the key factor leading to the degradation of reinforced concrete building durability. Improving the corrosion resistance of oxide scale of rebar has always been a research hotspot in the field of civil engineering materials. A ZIF-8 modified Ce-Sol-gel (ZCS) film was prepared on oxide scale of plain steel rebars by sol-gel method. It is observed that the |Z|_{0.01 Hz} value of the ZCS film reached 320 kΩ cm², which is about 29 times higher than that of blank rebar in simulated concrete pore (SCP) solution with 0.1 M NaCl. Then, they were inserted into mortar block and curing them in a curing box at T = 20 ± 2 °C and RH = 95 ± 2% for 28 days. Subsequently, these samples were subject to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 3.5 wt% NaCl. The |Z|_{0.01 Hz} value of the rebar with the ZCS film was six times higher than that of the blank rebar after immersing for 20 days, resulting in an overall increase in corrosion resistance for rebar. The results indicated that the modification by ZIF-8 could reduce the porosity of Ce-sol-gel (CS) film and improved the “labyrinth effect” of the film. Additionally, the negative charge on the surface of ZIF-8 in alkaline condition increased the repulsion effect with Cl⁻, significantly reducing the sensitivity of rebar to Cl⁻.

Key words: Chloride corrosion, Oxide scale, Rebar, Sol-gel, Corrosion resistance

Yanwei Zeng, Peng Xu, Guoqiang Liu, Tianguan Wang, Bing Lei, Zhiyuan Feng, Ping Zhang, Guozhe Meng. ZIF-8 Modified Ce-Sol-gel Film on Rebar for Enhancing Corrosion Resistance[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2024, 37(12): 2121-2135.

Figures/Tables 15

Table 1 Chemical composition of HRB 400 (wt%)

C	Si	Mn	V	Fe
0.23	0.37	1.57	0.07	Bal.

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of preparation of rebar by ZIF-8 modified Ce-Sol-gel

Fig. 2 Schematic diagrams: a rebars with oxide scale as working electrode in SCP solution with 0.1 M NaCl; b rebars with oxide scale of embedded in mortar block as working electrode in 3.5 wt% NaCl

Table 2 Mass fraction of main chemical composition of cement

Component	SiO₂	MgO	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	CaO	SO₃	Loss
Content (%)	20.86	3.50	5.90	3.61	62.54	2.43	1.16

Fig. 3 Structural characterization of ZIF-8 nanoparticles: a SEM; b TEM; c XRD; d FTIR

Fig. 4 a FTIR spectra of CS film and ZCS film; b Raman spectra of CS film and ZCS film

Table 3 Porosity of Ce-Sol-gel and 3.2 wt% ZIF-8 @Ce-Sol-gel films on the surface of rebar

Sample	Porosity (%)
Ce-Sol-gel	1.7086
3.2 wt% ZIF-8 @Ce-Sol-gel	0.2537

Fig. 5 Electrochemical plot and fitting results of Ce-Sol-gel films with different ZIF-8 additions prepared on the surface of steel rebars in SCP solution with 0.1 M NaCl: a Nyquist plot (the illustration is the Nyquist plot of blank steel rebar); b and c Bode plots; d low-frequency impedance ( |Z|0.01 Hz) modulus diagram; e equivalent circuit diagram: e1 blank steel rebar; e2 Ce-Sol-gel film and ZIF-8 modified Ce-Sol-gel film; f according to the fitting results, the value of Rtot of 1. blank steel rebar; 2. Ce-Sol-gel; 3. 1.6 wt% ZIF-8 @Ce-Sol-gel; 4. 3.2 wt% ZIF-8 @Ce-Sol-gel; 5. 4.8 wt% ZIF-8 @Ce-Sol-gel; 6. 6.4 wt% ZIF-8 @Ce-Sol-gel; 7. 8.0 wt% ZIF-8 @Ce-Sol-gel); g comprehensive comparison of the |Z|0.01 Hz value between this work and other reported film

Table 4 Simulated parameters of EIS results of different film on the surface of HRB 400 in SCP solution with 0.1 M NaCl

Samples	${{R}}_{\text{s}}$ (Ω cm²)	Q₁ (× 10^-5 Ω⁻¹ cm⁻² sⁿ)	${{n}}_{1}$	${{R}}_{\text{f}}$ (× 10³ Ω cm²)	Q₀ (× 10^-6 Ω⁻¹ cm⁻² sⁿ)	${{n}}_{0}$	${{R}}_{\text{os}}$ (× 10³ Ω cm²)	Q₂ (× 10^-5 Ω⁻¹ cm⁻² sⁿ)	${{n}}_{2}$	${{R}}_{\text{ct}}$ (× 10⁵ Ω cm²)
Blank	5.433	2.228	0.535	-	-	-	2.303	5.960	0.634	0.230
Ce-Sol-gel	5.643	3.354 × 10^-3	0.782	5.527	2.640	0.630	10.030	1.248	0.651	3.686
1.6 wt% ZIF-8 @Ce-Sol-gel	5.541	3.195 × 10^-3	0.813	5.804	1.713	0.656	17.561	1.398	0.639	5.134
3.2 wt% ZIF-8 @Ce-Sol-gel	5.860	3.547 × 10^-3	0.896	9.377	1.593	0.714	32.790	0.159	0.614	6.867
4.8 wt% ZIF-8 @Ce-Sol-gel	5.777	4.543 × 10^-3	0.855	8.719	1.255	0.708	26.002	1.545	0.573	6.082
6.4 wt% ZIF-8 @Ce-Sol-gel	5.602	5.728 × 10^-3	0.806	4.546	1.902	0.620	24.096	1.898	0.598	4.591
8.0 wt% ZIF-8 @Ce-Sol-gel	5.245	7.180 × 10^-3	0.792	6.306	1.382	0.653	15.570	4.117	0.624	4.172

Fig. 6 a Potentiodynamic polarization curve of blank steel rebar, Ce-Sol-gel films with different ZIF-8 additions on the surface of steel rebars measured in SCP solution with 0.1 M NaCl; optical photo after polarization: a1 bare steel rebars; a2 Ce-Sol-gel film on the surface of rebar; a3 3.2 wt% ZIF-8 modified Ce-Sol-gel (ZCS) film

Fig. 7 Nyquist plots of different samples immersed in SCP solution with 0.1 M NaCl during long-term (20 days): a blank samples; b CS film samples prepared; c ZCS film sample prepared; different samples embedded in the mortar block in 3.5 wt% NaCl during long-term (20 days): d blank samples; e CS film samples prepared; f ZCS film sample prepared; low-frequency impedance modulus (|Z|0.01 Hz) of different samples: g in SCP solution with 0.1 M NaCl for 20 days; h in 3.5 wt% NaCl for 20 days

Fig. 8 a Relationship between pH and isoelectric point of different oxides; b schematic mechanisms of the reaction between ZIF-8 and epoxy functional groups

Fig. 9 SEM images of different samples: a blank steel rebars; b the surface of steel rebar with Ce-Sol-gel film; c the surface of steel rebar with 3.2 wt% ZIF-8 @Ce-Sol-gel film. And cross section backscattered images and mapping images: a1-a4 blank steel rebars; b1-b4 steel rebar with Ce-Sol-gel film; c steel rebar with 3.2 wt% ZIF-8 @Ce-Sol-gel film

Fig. 10 Zeta potential of ZIF-8 at different pH

Fig. 11 Mechanism diagram of the HRB 400 with ZCS film a in SCP solution with 0.1 M NaCl and b embedded in cement module in 3.5 wt% NaCl

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