Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) ›› 2015, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (9): 1097-1108.DOI: 10.1007/s40195-015-0300-2
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Wen-Bin Gao1, Dong-Po Wang1, Fang-Jie Cheng1(), Cai-Yan Deng1, Wei Xu2
Received:
2015-03-20
Revised:
2015-06-23
Online:
2015-09-20
Published:
2015-09-20
Wen-Bin Gao, Dong-Po Wang, Fang-Jie Cheng, Cai-Yan Deng, Wei Xu. Underwater Wet Welding for HSLA Steels: Chemical Composition, Defects, Microstructures, and Mechanical Properties[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2015, 28(9): 1097-1108.
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Material | C | Si | Mn | Al | Nb | V | Cr | Ni | Cu | Ti | CE* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DH36 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 1.4 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.05 | - | - | - | 0.012 | 0.373 |
X65 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 1.41 | 0.034 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.045 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.017 | 0.313 |
Table 1 Chemical composition (wt%).
Material | C | Si | Mn | Al | Nb | V | Cr | Ni | Cu | Ti | CE* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DH36 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 1.4 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.05 | - | - | - | 0.012 | 0.373 |
X65 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 1.41 | 0.034 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.045 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.017 | 0.313 |
Material | Yield strength (MPa) | Tensile strength (MPa) | Elongation rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|
UW-CS-1* | 476 | 523 | 8.0 |
DH36 | 380 | 520 | 30 |
X65 | 510 | 580 | 44 |
Table 2 Mechanical properties.
Material | Yield strength (MPa) | Tensile strength (MPa) | Elongation rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|
UW-CS-1* | 476 | 523 | 8.0 |
DH36 | 380 | 520 | 30 |
X65 | 510 | 580 | 44 |
Sample No. | Welding parameters | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water depth (m) | Base metal | Welding method | Welding position | Welding current (A) | Welding voltage (V) | Welding speed (mm/min) | |
A | 0.5 | DH36 | Automatic | 1G | 150 | 24-28 | 150-180 |
B | 0.5 | X65 | Automatic | 1G | 150 | 24-28 | 150-180 |
C | 2 | DH36 | Manual | 1G | 150 | 24-28 | 240-280 |
D | 2 | DH36 | Manual | 2G | 150 | 24-28 | 240-280 |
E | 2 | DH36 | Manual | 3G | 150 | 24-28 | 240-280 |
F | 2 | X65 | Manual | 1G | 150 | 24-28 | 240-280 |
G | 2 | X65 | Manual | 2G | 150 | 24-28 | 240-280 |
H | 2 | X65 | Manual | 3G | 150 | 24-28 | 240-280 |
I | 11 | DH36 | Manual | 3G | 150 | 24-28 | 240-280 |
J | 25 | DH36 | Automatic | 1G | 150 | 24-28 | 150-180 |
K | 45 | DH36 | Automatic | 1G | 150 | 24-28 | 150-180 |
L | 55 | DH36 | Automatic | 1G | 150 | 24-28 | 150-180 |
Table 3 Summary of welding conditions according to water depths
Sample No. | Welding parameters | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water depth (m) | Base metal | Welding method | Welding position | Welding current (A) | Welding voltage (V) | Welding speed (mm/min) | |
A | 0.5 | DH36 | Automatic | 1G | 150 | 24-28 | 150-180 |
B | 0.5 | X65 | Automatic | 1G | 150 | 24-28 | 150-180 |
C | 2 | DH36 | Manual | 1G | 150 | 24-28 | 240-280 |
D | 2 | DH36 | Manual | 2G | 150 | 24-28 | 240-280 |
E | 2 | DH36 | Manual | 3G | 150 | 24-28 | 240-280 |
F | 2 | X65 | Manual | 1G | 150 | 24-28 | 240-280 |
G | 2 | X65 | Manual | 2G | 150 | 24-28 | 240-280 |
H | 2 | X65 | Manual | 3G | 150 | 24-28 | 240-280 |
I | 11 | DH36 | Manual | 3G | 150 | 24-28 | 240-280 |
J | 25 | DH36 | Automatic | 1G | 150 | 24-28 | 150-180 |
K | 45 | DH36 | Automatic | 1G | 150 | 24-28 | 150-180 |
L | 55 | DH36 | Automatic | 1G | 150 | 24-28 | 150-180 |
Fig. 2 a Schematic of the Charpy impact specimens: extracted positions and notch locations; schematic of the tensile b and side bend c specimens (all dimensions in millimeters).
Fig. 8 a HAZ containing three different regions, and HAZ microstructures of the DH36 b, d, f and X65 c, e, g weld joints. Green, red, and blue marked squares denote the region of CGHAZ, FGHAZ, and ICHAZ, respectively.
Sample No. | Tensile properties | Fracture location | Side bend 6Ta | Charpy V (J)b | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
σ b (MPa) | δ (%) | BM | WM | WM | HAZ | ||
A | 538 | 30 | √ | 4/4 | 31 | 50 | |
B | 552 | 7.2 | √ | 4/4 | 32 | 52 | |
C | 542 | 30 | √ | 4/4 | 41 | 78 | |
D | 540 | 30 | √ | 4/4 | 41 | 72 | |
E | 536 | 30 | √ | 4/4 | 41 | 75 | |
F | 555 | 7.8 | √ | 4/4 | 43 | 74 | |
G | 550 | 7.9 | √ | 0/4 | 42 | 67 | |
H | 558 | 8.5 | √ | 0/4 | 41 | 78 | |
I | 540 | 30 | √ | 4/4 | 37 | 62 | |
J | 511 | 15 | √ | 2/4 | 25 | 40 | |
K | 493 | 14 | √ | 1/4 | 21 | 36 | |
L | 478 | 12 | √ | 0/4 | 21 | 33 |
Table 4 Summary of mechanical properties test results, in which σ b and δ refer to the ultimate tensile strength and the elongation
Sample No. | Tensile properties | Fracture location | Side bend 6Ta | Charpy V (J)b | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
σ b (MPa) | δ (%) | BM | WM | WM | HAZ | ||
A | 538 | 30 | √ | 4/4 | 31 | 50 | |
B | 552 | 7.2 | √ | 4/4 | 32 | 52 | |
C | 542 | 30 | √ | 4/4 | 41 | 78 | |
D | 540 | 30 | √ | 4/4 | 41 | 72 | |
E | 536 | 30 | √ | 4/4 | 41 | 75 | |
F | 555 | 7.8 | √ | 4/4 | 43 | 74 | |
G | 550 | 7.9 | √ | 0/4 | 42 | 67 | |
H | 558 | 8.5 | √ | 0/4 | 41 | 78 | |
I | 540 | 30 | √ | 4/4 | 37 | 62 | |
J | 511 | 15 | √ | 2/4 | 25 | 40 | |
K | 493 | 14 | √ | 1/4 | 21 | 36 | |
L | 478 | 12 | √ | 0/4 | 21 | 33 |
EDS result | C | O | Al | Si | Ti | Mn | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight (%) | 4.58 | 39.86 | 1.1 | 27.59 | 6.06 | 15.91 | 4.9 |
Atom number (%) | 8.68 | 56.63 | 0.92 | 22.33 | 2.87 | 6.58 | 2 |
Table 5 EDS result of a typical nonmetallic inclusion in 25-m DH36 weld
EDS result | C | O | Al | Si | Ti | Mn | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight (%) | 4.58 | 39.86 | 1.1 | 27.59 | 6.06 | 15.91 | 4.9 |
Atom number (%) | 8.68 | 56.63 | 0.92 | 22.33 | 2.87 | 6.58 | 2 |
Reference | Depth (m) | Chemical composition (wt%) | Transversal tension UTS (MPa) | All-weld-metal tension | Impact energy (J, 0 °C) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | Mn | Other elements | UTS (MPa) | Elongation (%) | |||||
Pope et al. [ | 1 | 0.05 | 0.03 | Ni | 2 | 465 | - | - | 50 |
Santos et al. [ | 10 | 0.05 | 0.05 | Ni/Mo | 2.37/0.18 | 527 | 547 | 14.4 | 42 |
Pope et al. [ | 12 | 0.03 | 0.02 | Ni | 2 | 434 | - | - | 35 |
Pope et al. [ | 20 | 0.04 | 0.02 | Ni | 2 | 445 | - | - | 33 |
Rowe et al. [ | 21 | 0.04 | 0.69 | Si | 0.3 | 0 | 489 | 18.6 | 39 |
Rowe et al. [ | 21 | 0.05 | 1.03 | Ti/B | 0.033/0.0022 | 0 | 489 | 4.2 | 30 |
Rowe et al. [ | 43 | 0.05 | 0.49 | Si | 0.21 | 0 | 448 | 11.7 | 34 |
Rowe et al. [ | 43 | 0.05 | 0.51 | Ti/B | 0.0095/0.0014 | 0 | 551 | 3.7 | 35 |
Szelagowski et al. [ | 55 | 0.16 | 0.46 | Si | 0.42 | 438 | - | - | 28 |
Szelagowski et al. [ | 55 | 0.15 | 0.2 | Si | 0.14 | 383 | 363 | - | 24 |
Rowe et al. [ | 61 | 0.05 | 0.47 | Si | 0.26 | 0 | 407 | 3.6 | 31 |
Rowe et al. [ | 61 | 0.05 | 0.6 | Ti/B | 0.0075/0.0008 | 0 | 469 | 6.4 | 30 |
Table 6 Chemical composition and mechanical properties of underwater wet welds as a function of depth (reported in the literature)
Reference | Depth (m) | Chemical composition (wt%) | Transversal tension UTS (MPa) | All-weld-metal tension | Impact energy (J, 0 °C) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | Mn | Other elements | UTS (MPa) | Elongation (%) | |||||
Pope et al. [ | 1 | 0.05 | 0.03 | Ni | 2 | 465 | - | - | 50 |
Santos et al. [ | 10 | 0.05 | 0.05 | Ni/Mo | 2.37/0.18 | 527 | 547 | 14.4 | 42 |
Pope et al. [ | 12 | 0.03 | 0.02 | Ni | 2 | 434 | - | - | 35 |
Pope et al. [ | 20 | 0.04 | 0.02 | Ni | 2 | 445 | - | - | 33 |
Rowe et al. [ | 21 | 0.04 | 0.69 | Si | 0.3 | 0 | 489 | 18.6 | 39 |
Rowe et al. [ | 21 | 0.05 | 1.03 | Ti/B | 0.033/0.0022 | 0 | 489 | 4.2 | 30 |
Rowe et al. [ | 43 | 0.05 | 0.49 | Si | 0.21 | 0 | 448 | 11.7 | 34 |
Rowe et al. [ | 43 | 0.05 | 0.51 | Ti/B | 0.0095/0.0014 | 0 | 551 | 3.7 | 35 |
Szelagowski et al. [ | 55 | 0.16 | 0.46 | Si | 0.42 | 438 | - | - | 28 |
Szelagowski et al. [ | 55 | 0.15 | 0.2 | Si | 0.14 | 383 | 363 | - | 24 |
Rowe et al. [ | 61 | 0.05 | 0.47 | Si | 0.26 | 0 | 407 | 3.6 | 31 |
Rowe et al. [ | 61 | 0.05 | 0.6 | Ti/B | 0.0075/0.0008 | 0 | 469 | 6.4 | 30 |
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