Vanadium-Doped Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Formation in Presence of Ionic Liquids and Their Use in Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue

doi:10.1007/s40195-016-0385-2

Abstract

Abstract:

Magnesium oxide (MgO) is one of the metal oxides having unique properties with numerous potential industrial applications. In this study, MgO and vanadium-doped MgO nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel method in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BMIM][BF₄] and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [OMIM][BF₄] ionic liquids. Vanadium-doped MgO nanoparticles exhibited nanosphere and nanorod morphologies with 40-80 nm in particle size, primarily due to the influence of ionic liquids as demonstrated by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Characteristics of nanoparticles were also studied by thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Photodegradation ability of synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated for methylene blue (MB) in specially designed UV reactor. Photodegradation is found to be dependent on doping, and particle characteristics change due to the influence of ionic liquid. The ionic liquid-assisted vanadium-doped MgO nanoparticles showed good reusability under UV irradiation and MB degradation ability under visible light.

Key words: Ionic liquid, Vanadium pentoxide, Magnesium oxide, Sol-gel, Photocatalytic activity

Harshad R. Patil, Z. V. P. Murthy. Vanadium-Doped Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Formation in Presence of Ionic Liquids and Their Use in Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2016, 29(3): 253-264.

Figures/Tables 14

References 27

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Sample	Description
MG	Magnesium hydroxide synthesized without using ionic liquid
MGBM	Magnesium hydroxide synthesized using [BMIM][BF₄]
MGOM	Magnesium hydroxide synthesized using [OMIM][BF₄]
MGV	Vanadium-doped magnesium hydroxide synthesized without using ionic liquid
MGVBM	Vanadium-doped magnesium hydroxide synthesized using [BMIM][BF₄]
MGVOM	Vanadium-doped magnesium hydroxide synthesized using [OMIM][BF₄]
MGC	Magnesium oxide synthesized without using ionic liquid by calcination of MG at 400 °C for 4 h
MGBMC	Magnesium oxide synthesized using [BMIM][BF₄] by calcination of MGBM at 400 °C for 4 h
MGOMC	Magnesium oxide synthesized using [OMIM][BF₄] by calcination of MGOM at 400 °C for 4 h
MGVC	Vanadium-doped magnesium oxide synthesized without using ionic liquid by calcination of MGV at 400 °C for 4 h
MGVBMC	Vanadium-doped magnesium oxide synthesized using [BMIM][BF₄] by calcination of MGVBM at 400 °C for 4 h
MGVOMC	Vanadium-doped magnesium oxide synthesized using [OMIM][BF₄] by calcination of MGVOM at 400 °C for 4 h

Sample	Description
MG	Magnesium hydroxide synthesized without using ionic liquid
MGBM	Magnesium hydroxide synthesized using [BMIM][BF₄]
MGOM	Magnesium hydroxide synthesized using [OMIM][BF₄]
MGV	Vanadium-doped magnesium hydroxide synthesized without using ionic liquid
MGVBM	Vanadium-doped magnesium hydroxide synthesized using [BMIM][BF₄]
MGVOM	Vanadium-doped magnesium hydroxide synthesized using [OMIM][BF₄]
MGC	Magnesium oxide synthesized without using ionic liquid by calcination of MG at 400 °C for 4 h
MGBMC	Magnesium oxide synthesized using [BMIM][BF₄] by calcination of MGBM at 400 °C for 4 h
MGOMC	Magnesium oxide synthesized using [OMIM][BF₄] by calcination of MGOM at 400 °C for 4 h
MGVC	Vanadium-doped magnesium oxide synthesized without using ionic liquid by calcination of MGV at 400 °C for 4 h
MGVBMC	Vanadium-doped magnesium oxide synthesized using [BMIM][BF₄] by calcination of MGVBM at 400 °C for 4 h
MGVOMC	Vanadium-doped magnesium oxide synthesized using [OMIM][BF₄] by calcination of MGVOM at 400 °C for 4 h

Experiment/sample	Magnesium dichloride precursor (g/gmol)	Vanadium triisopropoxide precursor (g/gmol/mL)	NaOH flakes for hydrolysis (g/gmol)	Deionized water (g)	Ethanol (mL)	Ionic liquid (mL) (1.5 mol of magnesium dichloride precursor)
MG	8.0/0.084	Nil	6.73/0.17	200	Nil	Nil
MGBM	8.0/0.084	Nil	6.73/0.17	200	Nil	[BMIM][BF₄]/23.6
MGOM	6.0/0.063	Nil	5.0/0.13	200	Nil	[OMIM][BF₄]/23.8
MGV	8.0/0.084	1.03/0.005/0.96	10.1/0.25	40	150	Nil
MGVBM	8.0/0.084	1.03/0.005/0.96	10.1/0.25	40	150	[BMIM][BF₄]/23.6
MGVOM	6.0/0.063	0.77/0.003/0.73	7.8/0.19	40	150	[OMIM][BF₄]/23.8

Experiment/sample	Magnesium dichloride precursor (g/gmol)	Vanadium triisopropoxide precursor (g/gmol/mL)	NaOH flakes for hydrolysis (g/gmol)	Deionized water (g)	Ethanol (mL)	Ionic liquid (mL) (1.5 mol of magnesium dichloride precursor)
MG	8.0/0.084	Nil	6.73/0.17	200	Nil	Nil
MGBM	8.0/0.084	Nil	6.73/0.17	200	Nil	[BMIM][BF₄]/23.6
MGOM	6.0/0.063	Nil	5.0/0.13	200	Nil	[OMIM][BF₄]/23.8
MGV	8.0/0.084	1.03/0.005/0.96	10.1/0.25	40	150	Nil
MGVBM	8.0/0.084	1.03/0.005/0.96	10.1/0.25	40	150	[BMIM][BF₄]/23.6
MGVOM	6.0/0.063	0.77/0.003/0.73	7.8/0.19	40	150	[OMIM][BF₄]/23.8

Time (min)	Vanadium-doped MgO			MgO			Blank
Time (min)	MGVBMC	MGVOMC	MGVC	MGBMC	MGOMC	MGC	Blank
0	1.676	1.660	1.659	1.649	1.670	1.669	1.670
30	0.042	0.061	0.134	0.076	0.110	0.539	1.251
60	0.029	0.033	0.046	0.036	0.041	0.248	0.868
90	0.017	0.019	0.025	0.022	0.023	0.079	0.768
MB (%) after 30 min	2	4	8	5	7	32	75
Reduction in MB (%) after 30 min	98	96	92	95	93	68	25