Fig. 1 Hot compression tests of CoNiV alloys: a sampling, b experiment procedures

Fig. 2 Initial microstructure of CoNiV alloys: a XRD pattern, b OM image, c IPF figure

Fig. 3 True stress-strain curves of CoNiV alloys at different deformation conditions: a 950 °C, b 1000 °C, c 1050 °C, d 1100 °C

Fig. 4 Flow stresses in CoNiV alloys with a true strain of 0.3 under different deformation conditions

Fig. 5 Regression linear curves of CoNiV alloys under different deformation conditions, a $\text{ln}\dot{\varepsilon }$−${\text{ln}\sigma }_{0.3}$, b $\text{ln}\dot{\varepsilon }$−${\sigma }_{0.3}$, c $\text{ln}\dot{\varepsilon }$−$\text{ln}\left[\text{sinh}(\alpha {\sigma }_{0.3})\right]$, d $\text{ln}\left[\text{sinh}(\alpha {\sigma }_{0.3})\right]$-1000/T from stress-strain data at a constant strain of ε = 0.3

Fig. 6 Relationship between flow stress and the Zener-Hollomon parameter

Fig. 7 Relationship between material constants and true strain: a n, b α, c Q, d lnA

Fig. 8 Comparison between experimental and predicted flow curves using the conventional Arrhenius model: a 950 °C, b 1000 °C, c 1050 °C, d 1100 °C

Fig. 9 Diagram of the structure of the CNN model

Fig. 10 Schematic illustration and flowchart of the OOA algorithm

Fig. 11 Flowchart for optimizing CNN model using OOA algorithm

Fig. 12 Comparison of predicted and experimental values of CNN and OOA-CNN models: a 950 °C, b 1000 °C, c 1050 °C, d 1100 °C

Fig. 13 Correlation and relative error histograms between experimental and predicted values of flow stress for different models: a Arrhenius model, b OOA-CNN model

Fig. 14 Power dissipation efficiency maps for CoNiV alloys under various strains: a 0.2, b 0.4, c 0.6, d 0.8

Fig. 15 Instability diagram maps for CoNiV alloys under various strains: a 0.2, b 0.4, c 0.6, d 0.8

Fig. 16 Hot processing map (ε = 0.8) of CoNiV alloys and corresponding OM images: a hot processing map, b 1000 °C /1 s−1, c 950 °C /0.001 s−1, d 1100 °C /0.1 s−1, e 1100 °C/0.01 s−1. Where CD and TD denote the compression direction and transverse direction, respectively

Fig. 17 EBSD analysis of CoNiV alloys under different conditions: a1-d1 IPF images, a2-d2 GOS maps, and a3-d3 KAM images. a1-a3 1000 °C/1 s−1, b1-b3 950 °C/0.001 s−1, c1-c3 1100 °C /0.1 s−1, d1-d3 1100 °C /0.01 s−1. Where CD and TD denote the compression direction and transverse direction, respectively

Fig. 18 Statistics of mean grain size, DRX volume fraction, and mean GND density of CoNiV alloys under various conditions: a 1000 °C/1 s−1, b 950 °C/0.001 s−1, c 1100 °C/0.1 s−1, d 1100 °C/0.01 s−1