Low-Temperature Diffusion Bonding Behavior of Hydrogenated Zr R60702

doi:10.1007/s40195-023-01575-y

Abstract

Abstract:

High temperature in diffusion bonding (DB) process severely deteriorates the performance of zirconium (Zr) R60702 in extreme chemical environment. Therefore, it is important to reduce the DB temperature of Zr R60702. In this work, low-temperature diffusion bonding of Zr R60702 at 750 °C is realized by 0.3 wt% hydrogen addition while 900 °C is required in DB process for unhydrogenated Zr R60702. The shear strength of the hydrogenated joint bonded at 750 °C reaches 388 MPa, which is 117.98% higher than that of the unhydrogenated joint bonded at 750 °C and equal to that of the unhydrogenated joint bonded at 900 °C. The effects of hydrogen addition in Zr R60702 on the microstructure evolution, phase transformation temperature, interatomic bonding and self-diffusion coefficient of Zr atoms are investigated in detail. The results show that the optimized DB properties can be attributed to the improvements of its grain boundary diffusion, plasticity and self-diffusion coefficient of Zr atoms.

Key words: Low-temperature diffusion bonding, Hydrogenation, Zr R60702

Jialin Zheng, Longteng Li, Huiping Wu, Doudou Yang, Bin Wang, Dayong An, Xifeng Li. Low-Temperature Diffusion Bonding Behavior of Hydrogenated Zr R60702[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2023, 36(10): 1603-1618.

Figures/Tables 21

Fig. 1 Schematic sketch of a DB process, b shear test and c shear specimen

Fig. 2 SE images and Fe, Cr distribution in Zr R60702 under different conditions

Fig. 3 Differences between SPPs in different Zr R60702 specimens: a the original and processed diagrams of SPPs distribution; b SPPs size distribution

Fig. 4 DSC curves of Zr R60702: a as-received, b with 0.1 wt% hydrogen addition, c with 0.3 wt% hydrogen addition, d with 0.5 wt% hydrogen addition; e TG curves of as-received and hydrogenated Zr R60702; f TG curves of as-received and hydrogenated Zr R60702 after DB at 750 °C; g phase transition diagram of as-received and hydrogenated Zr R60702

Table 1 Tα→β and Tα+β of Zr R60702 with different hydrogen contents (wt%)

	0	0.1	0.3	0.5
T_α_→_β (°C)	800	702	697	627
T_α₊_β (°C)	161	207	281	351

Fig. 5 Phase maps of a as-received, b 0.1 wt%, c 0.3 wt% and d 0.5 wt% hydrogenated Zr R60702; e XRD patterns and f phase content of as-received and hydrogenated Zr R60702

Fig. 6 KAM maps of a as-received, b 0.1 wt%, c 0.3 wt% and d 0.5 wt% hydrogenated Zr R60702; e KAM value of as-received and hydrogenated Zr R60702

Fig. 7 Schmid factor maps of a, e as-received, b, f 0.1 wt%, c, g 0.3 wt% and d, h 0.5 wt% hydrogenated Zr R60702: a-d basal slip; e-h prismatic slip

Fig. 8 a-h Recrystallization maps of the a, e as-received, b, f 0.1 wt%, c, g 0.3 wt% and d, h 0.5 wt% hydrogenated Zr R60702 a-d before and e-h after DB at 750 °C; i-l recrystallization volume fraction of the i as-received, j 0.1 wt%, k 0.3 wt% and l 0.5 wt% hydrogenated Zr R60702 before and after DB at 750 °C

Fig. 9 Joints diffusion bonded at different technical parameters: a 900 °C, unhydrogenated; b 850 °C, unhydrogenated; c 800 °C, unhydrogenated; d 750 °C, unhydrogenated; e 750 °C, 0.1 wt% hydrogenated; f 750 °C, 0.3 wt% hydrogenated; g 750 °C, 0.5 wt% hydrogenated

Fig. 10 a Shear strengths of the joints diffusion bonded under different techniques; b-e Shear fracture morphology of unhydrogenated joint diffusion bonded at b 900 °C, c 850 °C, d 800 °C, e 750 °C; f-i shear fracture morphology of joint diffusion bonded at 750 °C with f 0.1 wt%, g 0.3 wt%, h 0.5 wt% hydrogen addition with sealant coating and i with 0.3 wt% hydrogen addition but without sealant coating

Table 2 Calculated lattice parameters of α-Zr and β-Zr

	hcp-Zr (α)		bcc-Zr (β)
Lattice parameters	a (Å)	c (Å)	a (Å)
Present work	3.232	5.148	3.567
Experiment [27]	3.233	5.146	3.627
DFT 1 [28]	3.236	5.168	3.574
DFT 2 [29]	3.232	5.182	3.580

Fig. 11 Crystal models of Zr-H systems (H: Zr = 1:8): a O-site in α-Zr; b T-site in α-Zr; c O-site in β-Zr; d T-site in β-Zr. (Green and white atoms represent Zr and H, respectively)

Table 3 Calculated lattice constants of α-Zr

Lattice constants	Zr	16Zr-H		8Zr-H		4Zr-H
Lattice constants	Zr	O-Site	T-Site	O-Site	T-Site	O-Site	T-Site
a (Å)	3.232	3.231	3.231	3.226	3.235	3.239	3.251
b (Å)	3.232	3.231	3.231	3.226	3.235	3.210	3.231
c (Å)	5.148	5.177	5.202	5.206	5.244	5.237	5.314
α (deg.)	90.00	89.89	89.96	90.01	90.00	90.00	90.00
β (deg.)	90.00	90.11	90.04	89.99	90.01	90.91	89.41
γ (deg.)	120.0	120.0	120.0	120.0	120.0	119.7	119.8
V (Å³)	46.57	46.80	47.04	46.92	47.53	47.28	48.43

Table 4 Calculated lattice constants of β-Zr

Lattice constants	Zr	16Zr-H		8Zr-H		4Zr-H
Lattice constants	Zr	O-Site	T-Site	O-Site	T-Site	O-Site	T-Site
a (Å)	3.567	3.201	3.582	3.205	3.214	3.222	3.258
b (Å)	3.567	3.206	3.579	3.182	3.222	3.201	3.209
c (Å)	3.567	4.525	3.578	4.576	4.570	4.570	4.618
α (deg.)	90.00	89.95	90.00	90.00	90.00	90.00	90.00
β (deg.)	90.00	90.00	90.00	90.00	90.11	90.00	89.99
γ (deg.)	90.00	90.00	90.00	90.00	90.00	90.00	89.89
V (Å³)	45.39	46.43	45.86	46.68	47.32	47.13	48.28

Fig. 12 Effect of hydrogen content on volume expansion of a α-Zr, b β-Zr

Fig. 13 Solution energy variation of hydrogen with H:Zr atomic ratio in α-Zr a and β-Zr b

Table 5 Calculated bond population of Zr atoms in α-Zr and α-Zr-H systems

Bond	Population		Bond	Population
Bond	α-Zr	α-Zr-H	Bond	α-Zr	α-Zr-H
Zr1-Zr2	0.26	0.29	Zr3-Zr5	0.40	0.44
Zr1-Zr3	0.40	0.44	Zr3-Zr6	− 0.23	− 0.14
Zr1-Zr4	0.26	0.29	Zr3-Zr7	0.40	0.44
Zr1-Zr5	0.40	0.43	Zr3-Zr8	0.26	0.09
Zr1-Zr6	0.26	0.24	Zr4-Zr5	− 0.23	− 0.21
Zr1-Zr7	0.40	0.43	Zr4-Zr6	0.40	0.47
Zr1-Zr8	− 0.23	− 0.21	Zr4-Zr7	0.26	0.29
Zr2-Zr3	0.26	0.09	Zr4-Zr8	0.40	0.27
Zr2-Zr4	0.40	0.27	Zr5-Zr6	0.26	0.24
Zr2-Zr5	0.26	0.29	Zr5-Zr7	0.40	0.43
Zr2-Zr6	0.40	0.47	Zr5-Zr8	0.26	0.29
Zr2-Zr7	− 0.23	− 0.21	Zr6-Zr7	0.26	0.24
Zr2-Zr8	0.40	0.27	Zr6-Zr8	0.40	0.47
Zr3-Zr4	0.26	0.09	Zr7-Zr8	0.26	0.29

Table 6 Calculated bond population of Zr atoms in β-Zr and β-Zr-H systems

Bond	Population		Bond	Population
Bond	β-Zr	β-Zr-H	Bond	β-Zr	β-Zr-H
Zr1-Zr2	0.42	0.29	Zr3-Zr6	0.42	0.33
Zr1-Zr3	− 0.15	0.34	Zr3-Zr8	0.42	0.28
Zr1-Zr4	0.42	0.31	Zr4-Zr5	0.42	0.33
Zr1-Zr6	0.42	0.29	Zr4-Zr7	0.42	0.31
Zr1-Zr8	0.42	0.31	Zr4-Zr8	− 0.15	0.34
Zr2-Zr3	0.42	0.33	Zr5-Zr6	0.42	0.14
Zr2-Zr4	− 0.15	0.29	Zr5-Zr7	− 0.15	0.22
Zr2-Zr5	0.42	0.14	Zr5-Zr8	0.42	0.33
Zr2-Zr6	− 0.15	0.2	Zr6-Zr7	0.42	0.16
Zr2-Zr7	0.42	0.16	Zr6-Zr8	− 0.15	0.29
Zr3-Zr4	0.42	0.28	Zr7-Zr8	0.42	0.31

Fig. 14 Schematic self-diffusion diagrams of Zr atoms: a α-Zr, b α-Zr-H, c β-Zr, d β-Zr-H; Energy variation during self-diffusion process of Zr atoms: e α-Zr, f α-Zr-H, g β-Zr, h β-Zr-H

Table 7 Calculated activation energy and self-diffusion coefficients of Zr atoms

System	Self-diffusion activation energy (eV)	Diffusion constant [32] (× 10⁻⁶ m² s⁻¹)	Diffusion coefficient (m² s⁻¹)
System	Self-diffusion activation energy (eV)	Diffusion constant [32] (× 10⁻⁶ m² s⁻¹)	527 °C	627 °C	727 °C	827 °C
α-Zr	2.90	1.30	7.21 $\times$ 10⁻²⁵	7.70 $\times$ 10⁻²³	3.23 $\times$ 10⁻²¹	6.87 $\times$ 10⁻²⁰
α-Zr-H	2.81	1.26	2.75 $\times$ 10⁻²⁴	2.52 $\times$ 10⁻²²	9.35 $\times$ 10⁻²¹	1.80 $\times$ 10⁻¹⁹
β-Zr	3.50	1.88	1.74 $\times$ 10⁻²⁸	4.89 $\times$ 10⁻²⁶	4.44 $\times$ 10⁻²⁴	1.78 $\times$ 10⁻²²
β-Zr-H	3.19	1.42	9.89 $\times$ 10⁻²⁷	1.72 $\times$ 10⁻²⁴	1.06 $\times$ 10⁻²²	3.11 $\times$ 10⁻²¹

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