Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) ›› 2022, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (3): 439-452.DOI: 10.1007/s40195-021-01297-z
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Ling Zhang1, Wen-He Liao1(), Ting-Ting Liu1, Hui-Liang Wei1, Chang-Chun Zhang1
Received:
2021-04-17
Revised:
2021-06-28
Accepted:
2021-06-28
Online:
2021-11-11
Published:
2021-11-11
Contact:
Wen-He Liao
About author:
Wen-He Liao, cnwho@mail.njust.edu.cnLing Zhang, Wen-He Liao, Ting-Ting Liu, Hui-Liang Wei, Chang-Chun Zhang. In Situ Elimination of Pores During Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-l.5Zr-0.3Si Titanium Alloy[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2022, 35(3): 439-452.
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Ti | Al | Mo | Zr | Si | Fe | C | O | N | H |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bal | 6.6 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.006 | 0.002 |
Table 1 Chemical composition of Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-l.5Zr-0.3Si powder (wt%)
Ti | Al | Mo | Zr | Si | Fe | C | O | N | H |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bal | 6.6 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.006 | 0.002 |
Samples | Laser power (W) | Velocity (m/s) | Hatching spacing (μm) | Tracks | Layers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. 1 | 90 | 1.25 | 90 | 5 | 1 |
No. 2 | 120 | 1.25 | 90 | 5 | 1 |
No. 3 | 150 | 1.25 | 90 | 5 | 1 |
No. 4 | 180 | 1.25 | 90 | 5 | 1 |
No. 5 | 90 | 1.25 | 90 | 5 | 5 |
Table 2 Process parameters used for multi-track multi-layer LPBF of TC11
Samples | Laser power (W) | Velocity (m/s) | Hatching spacing (μm) | Tracks | Layers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. 1 | 90 | 1.25 | 90 | 5 | 1 |
No. 2 | 120 | 1.25 | 90 | 5 | 1 |
No. 3 | 150 | 1.25 | 90 | 5 | 1 |
No. 4 | 180 | 1.25 | 90 | 5 | 1 |
No. 5 | 90 | 1.25 | 90 | 5 | 5 |
Samples | Laser power (W) | Velocity (m/s) | Hatching spacing (μm) | Remelting strategy |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. 6 | 120 | 1.25 | 90 | SR |
No. 7 | 150 | 1.25 | 90 | SR |
No. 8 | 180 | 1.25 | 90 | SR |
No. 9 | 120 | 1.25 | 90 | LR |
No. 10 | 150 | 1.25 | 90 | LR |
No. 11 | 180 | 1.25 | 90 | LR |
Table 3 Process parameters used for laser remelting
Samples | Laser power (W) | Velocity (m/s) | Hatching spacing (μm) | Remelting strategy |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. 6 | 120 | 1.25 | 90 | SR |
No. 7 | 150 | 1.25 | 90 | SR |
No. 8 | 180 | 1.25 | 90 | SR |
No. 9 | 120 | 1.25 | 90 | LR |
No. 10 | 150 | 1.25 | 90 | LR |
No. 11 | 180 | 1.25 | 90 | LR |
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of laser powder bed fusion and laser remelting: a laser powder bed fusion, b surface melting, and c layer-by-layer remelting. The red cuboid represents the laser remelting layer and the blue cuboid represents the laser powder bed fusion layer
Temperature (K) | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 1570 | 1640 | 2000 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specific heat (J kg-1 K-1) | 605 | 654 | 712 | 766 | 795 | 840 | 1210 | 1238 | 1412 |
Temperature (K) | 107 | 200 | 303 | 414 | 504 | 600 | 709 | 797 | 890 |
Thermal conductivity (W m-1 K-1) | 6.3 | 7.5 | 9.2 | 10.5 | 12.1 | 13.0 | 14.2 | 15.5 | 17.2 |
Table 4 Thermophysical properties of TC11 in the low-temperature zone [51]
Temperature (K) | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 1570 | 1640 | 2000 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specific heat (J kg-1 K-1) | 605 | 654 | 712 | 766 | 795 | 840 | 1210 | 1238 | 1412 |
Temperature (K) | 107 | 200 | 303 | 414 | 504 | 600 | 709 | 797 | 890 |
Thermal conductivity (W m-1 K-1) | 6.3 | 7.5 | 9.2 | 10.5 | 12.1 | 13.0 | 14.2 | 15.5 | 17.2 |
Parameters | Values |
---|---|
Density of metal (kg m-3) | 4480 |
Solidus temperature (K) | 1844 |
Liquidus temperature (K) | 1914 |
Evaporation temperature (K) | 3494 |
Viscosity of liquid metal (Pa s) | 4 \(\times \) 10-3 |
Temperature coefficient of surface tension (N m-1 K-1) | - 2.6 \(\times \) 10-4 |
Latent heat of fusion (J kg-1) | 2.86 \(\times \) 105 |
Latent heat of evaporation (J kg-1) | 9.8 \(\times \) 106 |
Gas constant (J kg-1 mol-1) | 8.314 |
Stefan-Boltzmann constant (W m-2 K-4) | 5.67 \(\times \) 10-8 |
Thermal conductivity of Ar (W m-2 K-1) | 1.772 |
Specific heat of Ar (J kg-1 K-1) | 521.75 |
Viscosity of Ar (Pa s) | 2.2 \(\times \) 10-5 |
Table 5 Thermophysical properties of TC11 and Ar used in the calculations [52]
Parameters | Values |
---|---|
Density of metal (kg m-3) | 4480 |
Solidus temperature (K) | 1844 |
Liquidus temperature (K) | 1914 |
Evaporation temperature (K) | 3494 |
Viscosity of liquid metal (Pa s) | 4 \(\times \) 10-3 |
Temperature coefficient of surface tension (N m-1 K-1) | - 2.6 \(\times \) 10-4 |
Latent heat of fusion (J kg-1) | 2.86 \(\times \) 105 |
Latent heat of evaporation (J kg-1) | 9.8 \(\times \) 106 |
Gas constant (J kg-1 mol-1) | 8.314 |
Stefan-Boltzmann constant (W m-2 K-4) | 5.67 \(\times \) 10-8 |
Thermal conductivity of Ar (W m-2 K-1) | 1.772 |
Specific heat of Ar (J kg-1 K-1) | 521.75 |
Viscosity of Ar (Pa s) | 2.2 \(\times \) 10-5 |
Fig. 4 Temperature field and molten pool morphology of the deposited tracks at different moments: a 520 µs, b 1320 µs, c 2160 µs, d 2920 µs, and e 3760 µs. Laser power: 90 W, scanning speed: 1.25 m/s
Fig. 5 Temperature field longitudinal sections of multi-track LPBF under different laser powers: a, b 90 W, c, d 120 W, e, f 150 W, and g, h 180 W. Scanning speed: 1.25 m/s
Fig. 7 Experimental results of five-track and five-layer LPBF: a surface topography and b transverse section topography. Laser power: 90 W, scanning speed: 1.25 m/s
Fig. 8 Transverse section topographies of surface remelting under different laser powers: a 120 W, b 150 W, and c 180 W, respectively. Scanning speed: 1.25 m/s
Fig. 9 Temperature field longitudinal sections of layer-by-layer remelting. a, c, e laser power: 90 W, LPBF with a new powder layer and b, d, f laser power: 180 W, laser melting without a new powder layer. Scanning speed: 1.25 m/s
Fig. 10 Evolution of pores during remelting: a 0 µs, b 21 µs, c 37 µs, d 53 µs, e 67 µs, f 83 µs, g 95 µs, h 101 µs, i 135 µs, j 151 µs, k 185 µs, and l 985 µs
Fig. 11 Transverse section topographies of a layer-by-layer remelting with five tracks and five layers. Experimental results under different laser powers: a 120 W, b 150 W, and c 180 W; Simulation results under different laser powers: d 120 W, e 150 W, and f 180 W. Scanning speed: 1.25 m/s. Inside the red dashed line lies the laser scanning area, outside the red dotted line lies the powder area
Fig. 12 Transverse section topographies of a layer-by-layer remelting with thirty layers under different laser powers: a 120 W, b 150 W, and c 180 W. Scanning speed: 1.25 m/s
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