Detoxication and Theranostic Aspects of Biosynthesised Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery

doi:10.1007/s40195-020-01116-x

Abstract

Abstract:

Bioactive materials obtained from plant bio-resources offer immense attention for development and production of nanotechnology enabled products for biomedical applications. In the present study, Ficus hispida leaf extract (FHLE) was used as a stabilising agent for the environmentally benign synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) which were investigated for prospective versatile applications (anticancer and photocatalytic activities). The formation of ZnO-NPs was confirmed by UV-visible spectra. Wurtzite (hexagonal) form of the herb-assisted synthesised ZnO-NPs with particle size ranging from 20 to 200 nm was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. In vitro analysis was carried out against Dalton’s lymphoma ascites (DLA) cell lines by trypan blue assay, the results revealed 96% inhibition at concentration of 200 µg ml^-1, and the photodegradation experiments carried out for degradation of Congo red revealed complete degradation of the dye after 70 min of exposure to UV light.

Key words: Zinc oxide nanoparticles, Anticancer activity, Photocatalysis, Congo red

Krishnaswamy Kanagamani, Pitchaipillai Muthukrishnan, Ayyasami Kathiresan, Karikalan Shankar, Pandurengan Sakthivel, Murugan Ilayaraja. Detoxication and Theranostic Aspects of Biosynthesised Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2021, 34(5): 729-740.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of synthesis process of zinc oxide nanoparticles

Fig. 2 Possible formation mechanism for zinc oxide nanoparticle

Fig. 3 UV-Visible spectra of Ficus hispida leaf extract, mixture of Ficus hispida leaf extract and zinc nitrate, and zinc oxide nanoparticles

Fig. 4 FT-IR spectrum of Ficus hispida leaf extract and Ficus-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles

Fig. 5 Morphology and element analysis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: a SEM image, b EDX spectrum of pure zinc oxide nanoparticles

Table 1 Weight and atomic percentages of ZnO nanoparticles

Element	Wt.%	At.%
O	18.65	53
Zn	81.35	47

Fig. 6 TEM images of hexagonal shape of ZnO-NPs at different magnifications: a 200 nm, b 100 nm, c 50 nm, d the corresponding SAED pattern

Fig. 7 XRD pattern of hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO-NPs

Table 2 Anticancer assay of Ficus-mediated ZnO-NPs on DLA cell lines

No	Concentration (µg mL^-1)	Cell death (DLA) (%)
No	Concentration (µg mL^-1)	Ficus-mediated ZnO-NPs	Standard drug curcumin
1	10	19	41
2	20	36	54.47
3	50	57	69.71
4	100	77	81.69
5	200	96	100

Fig. 8 UV spectrum of photodegradation of Congo red: A different time intervals, B effect of catalytic dosage, C comparison of photodegradation of Congo red, D effect of irradiation time with different loadings of catalyst and E recycle ability of ZnO-NPs

Table 3 Comparison of degradation ability of various biosynthesised ZnO-NPs and doped ZnO-NPs against various water pollutant

Source	Nanoparticle and size	Pollutant	Light source (UV/visible irradiation)	Percentage degradation (%)	Ref
Artocarpus heterophyllus leaf	ZnO-NPs & 10-15 nm	Congo red	UV irradiation	90	[59]
Carissa edulis fruit	ZnO-NPs & 50-55 nm	Congo red	UV-Vis irradiation	97	[60]
Sea buckthorn fruit	ZnO-NPs & 17.5 nm	Congo red	UV irradiation	99	[61]
Averrhoe carrambola fruit	ZnO-NPs & 20 nm	Congo red	UV irradiation	93	[62]
Avocado fruit peel	ZnO-NPs & 22-35 nm	Congo red	Solar irradiation	99	[63]
ZnSO₄∙7H₂O and Ag₂SO₄	Ag/ZnO & 20-30 nm	Methyl violet (6B)	UV irradiation	93	[64]
Zn(CH₃COO)₂ 2H₂O + Bamboo charcoal + AgNO₃	ZnO-Ag/BC & 52 nm	Methylene blue	Visible irradiation	93.95	[65]
Zn(CH₃COO)₂ 2H₂O + Bamboo charcoal + AgNO₃	ZnO-Ag/BC & 52 nm	Malachite green	Visible irradiation	95.75	[65]
Ficus hispida leaf	ZnO-NPs & 20-200 nm	Congo red	UV irradiation	100	In the present study

Fig. 9 FT-IR spectra of Congo red and degradation product

Fig. 10 Degradation pathway of Congo red dye using biosynthesised ZnO-NPs as photocatalyst

Fig. 11 Photocatalytic degradation mechanism of Congo red

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