Designing Rules of Laser-Clad High-Entropy Alloy Coatings with Simple Solid Solution Phases

doi:10.1007/s40195-020-01040-0

Abstract

Abstract:

The criteria of process parameters (μ ≤ 4), atomic size difference (ε ≤ 5.8, δ ≤ 11 and α ≤ 2), thermodynamic (- 14.5 ≤ ∆H_mix ≤ 6.5 and Ω ≥ 1.8) in the prediction of the phase stability for laser-clad high-entropy alloy coatings are studied in detail. Besides, the criteria of valence electron concentration (VEC) applied to distinguish the stability of different solid solution phases are as follows: VEC < 7.65 for simple BCC, VEC ≥ 7.65 for simple face-centered cubic (FCC), 7.14 < VEC < 7.78 for dual-phase BCC and FCC. Among them, μ and ε proposed firstly separate the phase stability of laser-clad high-entropy alloy coatings quite precisely. The other modified criteria (δ, α, ∆H_mix, Ω, VEC) are proved to be different from those of the high-entropy alloys synthesized by the traditional casting and smelting processes.

Key words: High-entropy alloys, Laser cladding, Phase stability, Criteria

Yongfei Juan, Jiao Zhang, Yongbing Dai, Qing Dong, Yanfeng Han. Designing Rules of Laser-Clad High-Entropy Alloy Coatings with Simple Solid Solution Phases[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2020, 33(8): 1064-1076.

Figures/Tables 9

References 82

[1]	J.W. Yeh, S.K. Chen, S.J. Lin, J.Y. Gan, T.S. Chin, T.T. Shun, Adv. Eng. Mater. 6, 299 (2004) DOI URL
[2]	A.M. Li, X.Y. Zhang, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 22, 219 (2019)
[3]	Z.M. Li, K.G. Pradeep, Y. Deng, D. Raabe, C.C. Tasan, Nature 534, 227 (2016) URL PMID
[4]	M. Wang, Z.M. Li, D. Raabe, In-situ Acta Mater. 147, 236 (2018)
[5]	Q.H. Fang, Y. Chen, J. Lia, C. Jiang, B. Liu, Y. Liu, P.K. Liaw, Int. J. Plast. 114, 161 (2019) DOI URL
[6]	X.L. Shang, Z.J. Wang, Q.F. Wu, J.C. Wang, J.J. Li, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 32, 41 (2019)
[7]	D.B. Miracle, O.N. Senkov, Acta Mater. 122, 448 (2017) DOI URL
[8]	E.J. Pickering, N.G. Jones, Int. Mater. Rev. 61, 183 (2016) DOI URL
[9]	Y.T. Wang, J.B. Li, Y.C. Xin, X.H. Chen, M. Rashad, B. Liu, Y. Liu, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 32, 932 (2019)
[10]	B. Chanda, J. Das, J. Alloys Compd. 798, 167 (2019) DOI URL
[11]	D.X. Qiao, H. Jiang, W.N. Jiao, Y.P. Lu, Z.Q. Cao, T.J. Li, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 32, 925 (2019)
[12]	R.L. Carlyn, S. Mulaine, V. Céline, G. Maryam, Mater. Charact. 151, 310 (2019) DOI URL
[13]	Z.W. Tang, S. Zhang, R.P. Cai, Q. Zhou, H.F. Wang, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 50, 1888 (2019) DOI URL
[14]	Y.F. Juan, J. Li, Y.Q. Jiang, W.L. Jia, Z.J. Lu, Appl. Surf. Sci. 465, 700 (2019) DOI URL
[15]	Y.M. Tan, J.S. Li, S.W. Tang, J. Wang, H.C. Kou, J. Alloys Compd. 742, 430 (2018) DOI URL
[16]	E. Huang, C.M. Lin, J. Juang, Y.J. Chang, Y.W. Chang, C.S. Wu, C.W. Tsai, A.C. Yeh, S.R. Shieh, C.P. Wang, Y.C. Chuang, Y.F. Liao, D. Zhang, T. Huang, T.N. Lam, Y.H. Chen, J. Alloys Compd. 792, 116 (2019) DOI URL
[17]	C. Xiang, Z.M. Zhang, H.M. Fu, E.H. Han, J.Q. Wang, H.F. Zhang, G.D. Hu, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 32, 1053 (2019)
[18]	N. Ishizu, J. Kitagawa, Results Phys. 13, 102274 (2019) DOI URL
[19]	Y.Y. Zhao, H.W. Chen, Z.P. Lu, T.G. Nieh, Acta Mater. 147, 184 (2018) DOI URL
[20]	Y.F. Wang, S.G. Ma, X.H. Chen, J.Y. Shi, Y. Zhang, J.W. Qiao, Acta Metall. Sin. -Engl. Lett. 26, 277 (2019)
[21]	B. Kombaiah, K. Jin, H. Bei, P.D. Edmondson, Y. Zhang, Mater. Des. 160, 1208 (2018) DOI URL
[22]	H. Jones, Proc. Phys. Soc. 49, 250 (2002) DOI URL
[23]	Y. Zhang, Y.J. Zhou, J.P. Lin, G.L. Chen, K.L. Peter, Adv. Eng. Mater. 10, 534 (2008) DOI URL
[24]	Z.J. Wang, Y.H. Huang, Y. Yang, J.C. Wang, C.T. Liu, Scr. Mater. 94, 28 (2015) DOI URL
[25]	Z.J. Wang, W.F. Qiu, Y. Yang, C.T. Liu, Intermetallics 64, 63 (2015) DOI URL
[26]	X. Yang, Y. Zhang, Mater. Chem. Phys. 132, 233 (2012) DOI URL
[27]	S. Guo, C.T. Liu, Prog. Nat. Sci.: Mater. Int. 21, 433 (2011) DOI URL
[28]	S. Guo, C. Ng, J. Lu, C.T. Liu, J. Appl. Phys. 109, 213 (2011)
[29]	M.C. Troparevsky, R.M. James, M. Daene, Y. Wang, R.L. Andrew, M. Stocks, JOM. 67, 2350 (2015) DOI URL
[30]	W.M. Choi, Y.H. Jo, D.G. Kim, S.S. Sohn, S. Lee, B.J. Lee, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus. 39, 694 (2018) DOI URL
[31]	W.J. Huang, P. Martin, H.L. Zhuang, Acta Mater. 169, 225 (2019) DOI URL
[32]	Y. Tian, C.Y. Lu, Y.F. Shen, X.M. Feng, Surf. Interfaces 15, 135 (2019)
[33]	G. Muvvala, D.P. Karmakar, A.K. Nath, Mater. Des. 121, 310 (2017) DOI URL
[34]	Q.H. Fang, Y. Chen, J. Li, Y.B. Liu, Y. Liu, Phys. B. 550, 112 (2018) DOI URL
[35]	S. Yin, W.Y. Li, B. Song, X.C. Yan, M. Kuang, Y.X. Xu, K. Wen, R. Lupoia, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 35, 1003 (2019) DOI URL
[36]	P.V. Kiryukhantsev-Korneev, A.N. Sheveyko, N.V. Shvindina, E.A. Levashov, D.V. Shtansky, Ceram. Int. 44, 7637 (2018) DOI URL
[37]	X.Q. Liu, H. Cheng, Z.J. Li, H. Wang, F. Chang, W.G. Wang, Q.H. Tang, P.Q. Dai, Vacuum 165, 297 (2019) DOI URL
[38]	X.F. Li, Y.H. Feng, B. Liu, D.H. Yi, X.H. Yang, W.D. Zhang, G. Chen, Y. Liu, P.K. Bai, J. Alloys Compd. 788, 485 (2019) DOI URL
[39]	J. Liu, H. Liu, P.J. Chen, J.B. Hao, Surf. Coat. Technol. 361, 63 (2019) DOI URL
[40]	T. Chen, W.N. Wu, W.P. Li, D.F. Liu, Opt. Laser Technol. 116, 345 (2019) DOI URL
[41]	B.A. Khamidullin, I.V. Tsivilskiy, A.I. Gorunov, A.K. Gilmutdinov, Surf. Coat. Technol. 364, 430 (2019) DOI URL
[42]	A. Riquelme, P. Rodrigo, M.D. Escalera-Rodríguez, J. Rams, Opt. Laser. Eng. 78, 165 (2016) DOI URL
[43]	N. Tamanna, R. Crouch, S. Naher, Opt. Laser. Eng. 122, 151 (2019) DOI URL
[44]	M.N. Fesharaki, R.S. Razavi, H.A. Mansouri, H. Jamali, Surf. Coat. Technol. 353, 25 (2018) DOI URL
[45]	S.T. Peng, T. Li, J.L. Zhao, S.P. Lv, G.Z. Tan, M.M. Dong, H.C. Zhang, J. Clean. Prod. 227, 58 (2019) DOI URL
[46]	L. Reddy, S.P. Preston, P.H. Shipway, C. Davis, T. Hussain, Surf. Coat. Technol. 349, 198 (2018) DOI URL
[47]	Z.I. Mahmoud Ibrahim, A.D.S. Ahmed, T.Y. Kuo, F. Yusof, M. Hamdi, Mater. Chem. Phys. 235, 1 (2019)
[48]	C. Zhang, G.J. Chen, P.Q. Dai, Heat Treat. Met. 40, 146 (2015) DOI URL
[49]	M.H. Sha, L. Zhang, J.W. Zhang, N. Li, T.Z. Li, N. Wang, Rare Met. Mater. Eng. 46, 1237 (2017) DOI URL
[50]	R.D. Li, P.D. Niu, T.C. Yuan, P. Cao, C. Chen, K.C. Zhou, J. Alloys Compd. 746, 125 (2018) DOI URL
[51]	Z.C. Qiu, C.W. Yao, K. Feng, Z.G. Li, P.K. Chu, Int. J. Lightweight Mater. Manuf. 1, 33 (2018)
[52]	M. Li, J. Gazquez, A. Borisevich, R. Mishra, K.M. Floresa, Intermetallics 95, 110 (2018) DOI URL
[53]	C. Zhang, B. Huang, P.Q. Dai, Chin. Surf. Eng. 29, 32 (2016)
[54]	C. Zhang, B.Q. Wu, Q.T. Wang, D.N. Chen, P.Q. Dai, Rare Met. Mater. Eng. 46, 2639 (2017)
[55]	C. Zhang, B. Huang, P.Q. Dai, Met. Heat Treat. 41, 82 (2016)
[56]	H. Zhang, W.F. Wu, Y.Z. He, M.X. Li, S. Guo, Appl. Surf. Sci. 363, 543 (2016) DOI URL
[57]	G.J. Chen, C. Zhang, Q.H. Tang, P.Q. Dai, Rare Met. Mater. Eng. 44, 1418 (2015)
[58]	Y.X. Guo, X.J. Shang, Q.B. Liu, Surf. Coat. Technol. 344, 353 (2018) DOI URL
[59]	Y. Shon, S.S. Joshi, S. Katakam, R.S. Rajamure, N.B. Dahotre, Mater. Lett. 142, 122 (2015) DOI URL
[60]	B. Zheng, Y. Jiang, W. Hu, Appl. Laser 36, 18 (2016)
[61]	G.H. Meng, X. Lin, H. Xie, C. Wang, S.Q. Wang, X. Ding, J. Alloys Compd. 672, 660 (2016) DOI URL
[62]	S. Zhang, C.L. Wu, J.Z. Yi, C.H. Zhang, Surf. Coat. Technol. 262, 64 (2015) DOI URL
[63]	S. Zhang, C.L. Wu, J.Z. Yi, C. Wang, C.H. Zhang, M. Guan, J.Z. Tan, Chin. J. Lasers 41, 97 (2014)
[64]	I. Kunce, M. Polanski, J. Bystrzycki, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 39, 9904 (2014) DOI URL
[65]	F. Zhou, Q.B. Liu, B. Zheng, Chin. J. Lasers 43, 58 (2016)
[66]	B. Huang, C. Zhang, H. Cheng, Q.H. Tang, H.C. Rao, P.Q. Dai, Chin. Surf. Eng. 27, 82 (2014)
[67]	Z.F. Huang, C. Zhang, Q.H. Tang, P.Q. Dai, B. Wu, Surf. Technol. 42, 9 (2013)
[68]	Z. Chong, G. Chen, P. Dai, Heat Treat. Met. 40, 146 (2015) DOI URL
[69]	R. Ferro, A. Saccone, Physical Metallurgy (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1996)
[70]	Z.J. Wang, Y.H. Huang, C.T. Liu, J.J. Li, J.C. Wang, Intermetallics 109, 139 (2019) DOI URL
[71]	M. Calvo-Dahlborg, S.G.R. Brown,, J. Alloys Compd. 724, 353 (2017) DOI URL
[72]	S.Z. Li, H.R. Zhang, D.B. Dai, G.T. Ding, X. Wei, Y.K. Guo, J. Alloys Compd. 782, 110 (2019) DOI URL
[73]	M.G. Poletti, L. Battezzati, Acta Mater. 75, 297 (2014) DOI URL
[74]	X. Gu, Phys. Exp. Colloids 3, 66 (2006)
[75]	J.W. Gooch, Relative Standard Deviation (Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, West Yorkshire, 2011).
[76]	H. Zho, L.R. Long, Adv. Psychol. Sci. 12, 942 (2004)
[77]	T. Egami, Y. Waseda, J. Non-Cryst, Solids 64, 113 (1984)
[78]	L. Vitos, I.A. Abrikosov, B. Johansson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 1 (2001) DOI URL
[79]	T. Uesugi, K. Higashi, Comput. Mater. Sci. 67, 1 (2013)
[80]	A. Takeuchi, A. Inoue, Mater. Sci. Eng. 304, 446 (2001) DOI URL
[81]	A. Takeuchi, A. Inoue, Mater. Trans. 41, 1372 (2000)
[82]	M.M. Ren, B.S. Li, H.Z. Fu, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 23, 991 (2013) DOI URL

Substrates	Coatings or areas	μ	ε	δ	γ	α	ΔS_mix	ΔH_mix	Ω	VEC	Phase	References
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNi	3.5s	-	0.97	-	-	11.52	- 3.75	5.96	8.52	fcc	[48]
Pure iron	AlCoCrFeNiTi_0.5	-	-	12.62	1.0086	1.50	14.43	- 14.07	1.81	7.43	fcc	[49]
A steel plate	CoCrFeMnNi	-	-	0.48	1.0087	0.12	13.37	- 4.12	5.80	7.96	fcc	[50]
Q235 steel	CoCrFeMnNi	-	-	0.32	1.0078	0.05	12.56	- 3.23	6.85	7.55	fcc	[51]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.15CoCrFeNi	-	0.99	1.77	1.0069	0.27	12.42	- 5.48	4.14	8.04	fcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.20CoCrFeNi	-	1.11	1.97	1.0069	0.33	12.56	- 5.82	3.92	7.98	fcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.24CoCrFeNi	-	1.21	2.15	1.0326	0.39	12.68	- 6.25	3.67	7.91	fcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.28CoCrFeNi	-	1.29	2.30	1.0069	0.45	12.78	- 6.61	3.48	7.88	fcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.28CoCrFeNi	-	1.29	2.30	1.0069	0.45	12.78	- 6.63	3.48	7.85	fcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.34CoCrFeNi	-	1.41	2.50	1.0069	0.51	12.91	- 7.17	3.22	7.83	fcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.37CoCrFeNi	-	1.45	2.58	1.0069	0.54	12.96	- 7.31	3.16	7.79	fcc	[52]
45# steel	FeCoCr_0.5NiB	2.36	5.47	10.10	1.0062	2.14	12.23	- 10.28	2.21	8.22	fcc	[53]
45# steel	FeCoCrNiB	2.36	0.14	0.24	1.0061	0.05	11.05	- 2.77	7.20	8.67	fcc	[53]
45# steel	FeCoCr_1.5NiB	2.36	0.15	0.27	1.0069	0.05	11.24	- 3.04	6.74	8.55	fcc	[53]
45# steel	FeCoCr_2.0NiB	2.36	0.14	0.25	1.0069	0.05	11.46	- 3.47	6.08	8.40	fcc	[53]
45# steel	FeCoCr_3.0NiB	2.36	0.15	0.26	1.0069	0.05	11.37	- 3.89	5.51	7.99	fcc	[53]
45# steel	FeCrNiCoMnB_0.25	2.36	0.22	0.39	1.0087	0.07	13.20	- 3.05	8.19	8.11	fcc	[54]
45# steel	FeCrNiCoMnB_0.50	2.36	0.22	0.40	1.0087	0.07	13.03	- 2.66	9.21	8.34	fcc	[54]
45# steel	FeCrNiCoMnB_0.75	2.36	0.22	0.40	1.0087	0.06	12.53	- 2.29	10.17	8.51	fcc	[54]
45# steel	FeCrCoNi(SiC-0)	6.79	0.14	0.24	0.9085	0.05	11.05	- 2.77	7.20	8.67	fcc	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNi(SiC-0-900)	6.79	0.14	0.26	0.9085	0.05	10.77	- 2.59	7.49	8.81	fcc	[55]
AZ31Mg	AlCoCrCuFeNiSi_0.5(ID)	2.39	3.59	6.22	1.1691	1.48	13.94	- 11.86	1.78	7.65	fcc	[56]
AZ31Mg	AlCoCrCuFeNiSi_0.5(Shell)	2.39	3.71	6.41	1.1691	1.49	13.97	- 14.16	1.52	7.35	fcc	[56]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB_0.50(A)	3.54	5.40	10.00	1.007	2.11	12.54	- 10.61	2.23	7.89	fcc	[57]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB_0.75(A)	3.54	5.72	10.90	1.0071	2.74	12.62	- 10.70	2.17	7.71	fcc	[57]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB(A)	3.54	4.41	8.09	1.0061	1.46	11.91	- 7.67	2.87	8.19	fcc	[57]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB_1.25(A)	3.54	5.00	9.21	1.0061	1.84	12.25	- 9.15	2.48	8.19	fcc	[57]
904L steel	CoCr₂FeNi(DR)	0.91	0.54	0.97	1.007	0.34	11.14	- 3.99	5.21	7.96	fcc	[58]
904L steel	CoCr₂FeNi(ID)	0.91	0.14	1.92	1.0069	0.05	11.03	- 4.00	5.13	7.76	fcc	[58]
904L steel	CoCr₂FeTi_0.5Ni(DR)	0.91	1.60	3.11	1.0069	0.39	11.71	- 5.82	3.81	7.63	fcc	[58]
904L steel	CoCr₂FeTi_0.5Ni(ID)	0.91	4.32	7.46	1.0068	1.55	12.25	- 14.53	1.61	7.30	fcc	[58]
904L steel	CoCr₂FeTiNi(DR)	0.91	2.02	3.97	1.0069	0.59	11.71	- 6.58	3.36	7.55	fcc	[58]
904L steel	CoCr₂FeTiNi(ID)	0.91	3.28	8.51	1.1908	1.23	12.65	- 12.82	1.73	7.78	fcc	[58]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.41CoCrFeNi	-	1.52	2.70	1.0069	0.58	13.03	- 7.72	2.99	7.78	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.48CoCrFeNi	-	1.62	2.87	1.1069	0.65	13.13	- 8.24	2.80	7.68	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.52CoCrFeNi	-	1.66	2.95	1.1069	0.67	13.17	- 8.45	2.73	7.64	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.54CoCrFeNi	-	1.99	3.60	1.1077	0.79	13.10	- 8.37	2.68	7.51	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.69CoCrFeNi	-	1.85	3.268	1.1067	0.78	13.30	- 9.52	2.41	7.48	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.69CoCrFeNi	-	1.85	3.268	1.1067	0.78	13.30	- 9.52	2.41	7.48	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.71CoCrFeNi	-	1.86	3.29	1.1067	0.79	13.31	- 9.60	2.39	7.47	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.78CoCrFeNi	-	1.92	3.40	1.1067	0.82	13.34	- 9.88	2.31	7.37	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.82CoCrFeNi	-	1.96	3.46	1.1066	0.83	13.36	- 10.26	2.22	7.36	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.83CoCrFe]Ni	-	1.96	3.46	1.1066	0.83	13.36	- 10.24	2.22	7.35	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.85CoCrFe]Ni	-	1.97	3.48	1.1066	0.84	13.36	- 10.31	2.20	7.33	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.86CoCrFe]Ni	-	1.98	3.50	1.1066	0.84	13.36	- 10.38	2.19	7.33	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.92CoCrF]eNi	-	2.03	3.58	1.1066	0.86	13.38	- 10.73	2.10	7.26	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_1.06CoCr]FeNi	-	2.12	3.72	1.1065	0.89	13.38	- 11.27	1.98	7.14	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_1.06CoC]rFeNi	-	2.12	3.73	1.1065	0.89	13.38	- 11.36	1.96	7.17	fcc + bcc	[52]
1100 Al	AlCrFeC]oNi	3.89	3.33	5.88	1.1705	1.21	11.58	- 8.06	2.43	6.68	fcc + bcc	[59]
45# steel	Al_2.0CrF]eCoCuNi (upper region)]	1.76	3.28	5.69	1.1693	1.26	14.85	- 5.26	4.53	7.59	fcc + bcc	[60]
45# steel	Al_2.0CrF]eCoCuNi (central region)]	1.76	3.09	5.39	1.1696	1.19	14.80	- 3.93	6.13	7.73	fcc + bcc	[60]
AZ91 Mg	AlCoCrCuFeNi	1.32	3.11	5.42	1.1686	1.22	14.82	- 5.91	4.09	7.63	bcc	[61]
Q235	CoCrFeAlCu	3.54	3.22	5.58	1.1692	1.32	13.38	- 1.02	20.97	7.47	bcc	[62]
Q235	FeCoCrAlCu(ID)	3.54	2.33	4.07	1.1697	0.89	11.03	6.36	2.62	9.01	bcc	[63]
Q235	FeCoCrAlCu(DR)	3.54	2.59	4.57	1.1704	0.96	12.47	- 1.74	12.34	7.57	bcc	[63]
Fe-Armco	TiZrNbMoV(300 W)	-	4.51	6.97	1.2404	1.42	13.25	- 2.18	14.35	4.71	bcc	[64]
Fe-Armco	TiZrNbMoV(1000 W)	-	4.82	7.78	1.2453	1.55	13.05	- 2.32	12.61	4.58	bcc	[64]
Q235 steel	MoFeCrTiWAl	8.49	-	6.00	-	-	14.90	- 12.56	2.70	5.50	bcc	[65]
45# steel	FeCrCoNi(SiC-0)	6.79	9.32	19.32	1.5551	2.94	11.82	- 27.68	0.92	5.98	fcc + Cr₂B	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNi(SiC-0-900)	6.79	9.30	19.26	1.5547	3.03	12.01	- 27.33	0.94	6.05	fcc + Fe₂B	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNiCBSi(SiC-5)	6.79	9.89	21.31	1.6637	3.50	13.81	- 38.48	0.85	5.64	fcc + Fe₂B	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNiCBSi(SiC-5)	6.79	10.03	20.64	1.6477	3.88	12.49	- 48.22	0.66	6.12	fcc + M₇C₃	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNiCBSi(SiC-5-900)	6.79	9.64	20.40	1.6573	3.33	13.09	- 33.33	0.88	5.73	fcc + Fe₂B	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNiCBSi(SiC-5-900)	6.79	10.21	21.85	1.6613	3.64	13.31	- 46.93	0.72	5.75	fcc + M₇C₃	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNiCBSi(SiC-10)	6.79	10.02	22.85	1.684	4.00	12.96	- 43.26	0.80	5.34	fcc + Fe₂B	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNiCBSi(SiC-10)	6.79	10.37	22.04	1.659	3.31	12.02	- 51.30	0.62	5.90	fcc + M₇C₃	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNiCBSi(SiC-10-900)	6.79	9.96	22.40	1.6791	3.70	12.99	- 40.31	0.81	5.42	fcc + Fe₂B	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNiCBSi(SiC-10-900)	6.79	10.34	22.79	1.6719	3.10	12.75	- 48.54	0.70	5.59	fcc + M₇C₃	[55]
45# steel	FeCoCr_0.5NiB	8.15	9.41	19.76	1.5587	2.77	12.02	- 27.02	0.94	5.86	fcc + M₂B	[66]
45# steel	FeCoCrNiB	8.15	9.43	19.79	1.5587	2.68	11.72	- 28.06	0.90	5.61	fcc + M₂B	[66]
45# steel	FeCoCr_1.5NiB	8.15	9.48	20.01	1.5603	2.20	10.66	- 29.07	0.80	5.27	fcc + M₂B	[66]
45# steel	FeCoCr_2.0NiB	8.15	9.49	20.00	1.5610	1.93	9.89	- 29.52	0.74	5.12	fcc + M₂B	[66]
45# steel	FeCoCr_3.0NiB	8.15	9.46	19.87	1.5587	1.73	9.07	- 29.67	0.68	5.03	fcc + M₂B	[66]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB_0.5(B)	3.54	6.44	12.11	1.5231	2.80	12.93	- 14.58	1.73	7.35	fcc + M₃B	[67]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB_0.75(B)	3.54	5.98	11.16	1.5211	2.51	12.9	- 12.86	1.93	7.58	fcc + M₃B	[67]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB(B)	3.54	6.19	11.58	1.5221	2.62	12.72	- 13.35	1.84	7.54	fcc + M₃B	[67]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB(C)	3.54	6.41	12.05	1.523	2.71	12.19	- 14.53	1.66	7.02	fcc + M₃B	[67]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB_1.25(B)	3.54	6.05	11.31	1.5215	2.53	12.65	- 12.30	1.94	7.96	fcc + M₃B	[67]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB_1.25(C)	3.54	6.65	12.54	1.5241	2.83	12.06	- 15.63	1.55	6.83	fcc + M₃B	[67]
45# steel	FeCrNiCoMnB_0.75	2.36	9.23	18.95	1.5538	3.06	9.91	- 8.94	2.35	5.96	fcc + M₂B	[54]
45# steel	FeCrNiCoMnB	2.36	9.25	19.08	1.5550	3.06	10.06	- 11.39	1.86	5.95	fcc + M₂B	[54]
Q235	FeCoCrNiB	5.10	8.17	15.99	1.5346	3.69	13.22	- 21.37	1.24	6.89	fcc + M₃B	[68]
Q235	FeCoCrNiB_0.5	3.54	-	8.00	-	-	13.15	- 13.30	1.84	7.70	fcc + M₂B	[70]
Q235	MoFeCrTiW	8.49	-	6.10	-	-	13.38	- 5.76	5.80	6.00	bcc + IM	[65]
Q235	MoFeCrTiWSi	8.49	-	7.50	-	-	14.90	- 24.89	1.40	5.70	bcc + IM	[65]
Q235	MoFeCrTiWSiAl	8.49	-	7.30	-	-	16.18	- 24.57	1.40	5.30	bcc + IM	[65]

Substrates	Coatings or areas	μ	ε	δ	γ	α	ΔS_mix	ΔH_mix	Ω	VEC	Phase	References
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNi	3.5s	-	0.97	-	-	11.52	- 3.75	5.96	8.52	fcc	[48]
Pure iron	AlCoCrFeNiTi_0.5	-	-	12.62	1.0086	1.50	14.43	- 14.07	1.81	7.43	fcc	[49]
A steel plate	CoCrFeMnNi	-	-	0.48	1.0087	0.12	13.37	- 4.12	5.80	7.96	fcc	[50]
Q235 steel	CoCrFeMnNi	-	-	0.32	1.0078	0.05	12.56	- 3.23	6.85	7.55	fcc	[51]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.15CoCrFeNi	-	0.99	1.77	1.0069	0.27	12.42	- 5.48	4.14	8.04	fcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.20CoCrFeNi	-	1.11	1.97	1.0069	0.33	12.56	- 5.82	3.92	7.98	fcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.24CoCrFeNi	-	1.21	2.15	1.0326	0.39	12.68	- 6.25	3.67	7.91	fcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.28CoCrFeNi	-	1.29	2.30	1.0069	0.45	12.78	- 6.61	3.48	7.88	fcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.28CoCrFeNi	-	1.29	2.30	1.0069	0.45	12.78	- 6.63	3.48	7.85	fcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.34CoCrFeNi	-	1.41	2.50	1.0069	0.51	12.91	- 7.17	3.22	7.83	fcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.37CoCrFeNi	-	1.45	2.58	1.0069	0.54	12.96	- 7.31	3.16	7.79	fcc	[52]
45# steel	FeCoCr_0.5NiB	2.36	5.47	10.10	1.0062	2.14	12.23	- 10.28	2.21	8.22	fcc	[53]
45# steel	FeCoCrNiB	2.36	0.14	0.24	1.0061	0.05	11.05	- 2.77	7.20	8.67	fcc	[53]
45# steel	FeCoCr_1.5NiB	2.36	0.15	0.27	1.0069	0.05	11.24	- 3.04	6.74	8.55	fcc	[53]
45# steel	FeCoCr_2.0NiB	2.36	0.14	0.25	1.0069	0.05	11.46	- 3.47	6.08	8.40	fcc	[53]
45# steel	FeCoCr_3.0NiB	2.36	0.15	0.26	1.0069	0.05	11.37	- 3.89	5.51	7.99	fcc	[53]
45# steel	FeCrNiCoMnB_0.25	2.36	0.22	0.39	1.0087	0.07	13.20	- 3.05	8.19	8.11	fcc	[54]
45# steel	FeCrNiCoMnB_0.50	2.36	0.22	0.40	1.0087	0.07	13.03	- 2.66	9.21	8.34	fcc	[54]
45# steel	FeCrNiCoMnB_0.75	2.36	0.22	0.40	1.0087	0.06	12.53	- 2.29	10.17	8.51	fcc	[54]
45# steel	FeCrCoNi(SiC-0)	6.79	0.14	0.24	0.9085	0.05	11.05	- 2.77	7.20	8.67	fcc	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNi(SiC-0-900)	6.79	0.14	0.26	0.9085	0.05	10.77	- 2.59	7.49	8.81	fcc	[55]
AZ31Mg	AlCoCrCuFeNiSi_0.5(ID)	2.39	3.59	6.22	1.1691	1.48	13.94	- 11.86	1.78	7.65	fcc	[56]
AZ31Mg	AlCoCrCuFeNiSi_0.5(Shell)	2.39	3.71	6.41	1.1691	1.49	13.97	- 14.16	1.52	7.35	fcc	[56]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB_0.50(A)	3.54	5.40	10.00	1.007	2.11	12.54	- 10.61	2.23	7.89	fcc	[57]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB_0.75(A)	3.54	5.72	10.90	1.0071	2.74	12.62	- 10.70	2.17	7.71	fcc	[57]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB(A)	3.54	4.41	8.09	1.0061	1.46	11.91	- 7.67	2.87	8.19	fcc	[57]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB_1.25(A)	3.54	5.00	9.21	1.0061	1.84	12.25	- 9.15	2.48	8.19	fcc	[57]
904L steel	CoCr₂FeNi(DR)	0.91	0.54	0.97	1.007	0.34	11.14	- 3.99	5.21	7.96	fcc	[58]
904L steel	CoCr₂FeNi(ID)	0.91	0.14	1.92	1.0069	0.05	11.03	- 4.00	5.13	7.76	fcc	[58]
904L steel	CoCr₂FeTi_0.5Ni(DR)	0.91	1.60	3.11	1.0069	0.39	11.71	- 5.82	3.81	7.63	fcc	[58]
904L steel	CoCr₂FeTi_0.5Ni(ID)	0.91	4.32	7.46	1.0068	1.55	12.25	- 14.53	1.61	7.30	fcc	[58]
904L steel	CoCr₂FeTiNi(DR)	0.91	2.02	3.97	1.0069	0.59	11.71	- 6.58	3.36	7.55	fcc	[58]
904L steel	CoCr₂FeTiNi(ID)	0.91	3.28	8.51	1.1908	1.23	12.65	- 12.82	1.73	7.78	fcc	[58]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.41CoCrFeNi	-	1.52	2.70	1.0069	0.58	13.03	- 7.72	2.99	7.78	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.48CoCrFeNi	-	1.62	2.87	1.1069	0.65	13.13	- 8.24	2.80	7.68	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.52CoCrFeNi	-	1.66	2.95	1.1069	0.67	13.17	- 8.45	2.73	7.64	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.54CoCrFeNi	-	1.99	3.60	1.1077	0.79	13.10	- 8.37	2.68	7.51	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.69CoCrFeNi	-	1.85	3.268	1.1067	0.78	13.30	- 9.52	2.41	7.48	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.69CoCrFeNi	-	1.85	3.268	1.1067	0.78	13.30	- 9.52	2.41	7.48	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.71CoCrFeNi	-	1.86	3.29	1.1067	0.79	13.31	- 9.60	2.39	7.47	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.78CoCrFeNi	-	1.92	3.40	1.1067	0.82	13.34	- 9.88	2.31	7.37	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.82CoCrFeNi	-	1.96	3.46	1.1066	0.83	13.36	- 10.26	2.22	7.36	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.83CoCrFe]Ni	-	1.96	3.46	1.1066	0.83	13.36	- 10.24	2.22	7.35	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.85CoCrFe]Ni	-	1.97	3.48	1.1066	0.84	13.36	- 10.31	2.20	7.33	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.86CoCrFe]Ni	-	1.98	3.50	1.1066	0.84	13.36	- 10.38	2.19	7.33	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_0.92CoCrF]eNi	-	2.03	3.58	1.1066	0.86	13.38	- 10.73	2.10	7.26	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_1.06CoCr]FeNi	-	2.12	3.72	1.1065	0.89	13.38	- 11.27	1.98	7.14	fcc + bcc	[52]
CoCrFeNi	Al_1.06CoC]rFeNi	-	2.12	3.73	1.1065	0.89	13.38	- 11.36	1.96	7.17	fcc + bcc	[52]
1100 Al	AlCrFeC]oNi	3.89	3.33	5.88	1.1705	1.21	11.58	- 8.06	2.43	6.68	fcc + bcc	[59]
45# steel	Al_2.0CrF]eCoCuNi (upper region)]	1.76	3.28	5.69	1.1693	1.26	14.85	- 5.26	4.53	7.59	fcc + bcc	[60]
45# steel	Al_2.0CrF]eCoCuNi (central region)]	1.76	3.09	5.39	1.1696	1.19	14.80	- 3.93	6.13	7.73	fcc + bcc	[60]
AZ91 Mg	AlCoCrCuFeNi	1.32	3.11	5.42	1.1686	1.22	14.82	- 5.91	4.09	7.63	bcc	[61]
Q235	CoCrFeAlCu	3.54	3.22	5.58	1.1692	1.32	13.38	- 1.02	20.97	7.47	bcc	[62]
Q235	FeCoCrAlCu(ID)	3.54	2.33	4.07	1.1697	0.89	11.03	6.36	2.62	9.01	bcc	[63]
Q235	FeCoCrAlCu(DR)	3.54	2.59	4.57	1.1704	0.96	12.47	- 1.74	12.34	7.57	bcc	[63]
Fe-Armco	TiZrNbMoV(300 W)	-	4.51	6.97	1.2404	1.42	13.25	- 2.18	14.35	4.71	bcc	[64]
Fe-Armco	TiZrNbMoV(1000 W)	-	4.82	7.78	1.2453	1.55	13.05	- 2.32	12.61	4.58	bcc	[64]
Q235 steel	MoFeCrTiWAl	8.49	-	6.00	-	-	14.90	- 12.56	2.70	5.50	bcc	[65]
45# steel	FeCrCoNi(SiC-0)	6.79	9.32	19.32	1.5551	2.94	11.82	- 27.68	0.92	5.98	fcc + Cr₂B	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNi(SiC-0-900)	6.79	9.30	19.26	1.5547	3.03	12.01	- 27.33	0.94	6.05	fcc + Fe₂B	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNiCBSi(SiC-5)	6.79	9.89	21.31	1.6637	3.50	13.81	- 38.48	0.85	5.64	fcc + Fe₂B	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNiCBSi(SiC-5)	6.79	10.03	20.64	1.6477	3.88	12.49	- 48.22	0.66	6.12	fcc + M₇C₃	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNiCBSi(SiC-5-900)	6.79	9.64	20.40	1.6573	3.33	13.09	- 33.33	0.88	5.73	fcc + Fe₂B	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNiCBSi(SiC-5-900)	6.79	10.21	21.85	1.6613	3.64	13.31	- 46.93	0.72	5.75	fcc + M₇C₃	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNiCBSi(SiC-10)	6.79	10.02	22.85	1.684	4.00	12.96	- 43.26	0.80	5.34	fcc + Fe₂B	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNiCBSi(SiC-10)	6.79	10.37	22.04	1.659	3.31	12.02	- 51.30	0.62	5.90	fcc + M₇C₃	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNiCBSi(SiC-10-900)	6.79	9.96	22.40	1.6791	3.70	12.99	- 40.31	0.81	5.42	fcc + Fe₂B	[55]
45# steel	FeCrCoNiCBSi(SiC-10-900)	6.79	10.34	22.79	1.6719	3.10	12.75	- 48.54	0.70	5.59	fcc + M₇C₃	[55]
45# steel	FeCoCr_0.5NiB	8.15	9.41	19.76	1.5587	2.77	12.02	- 27.02	0.94	5.86	fcc + M₂B	[66]
45# steel	FeCoCrNiB	8.15	9.43	19.79	1.5587	2.68	11.72	- 28.06	0.90	5.61	fcc + M₂B	[66]
45# steel	FeCoCr_1.5NiB	8.15	9.48	20.01	1.5603	2.20	10.66	- 29.07	0.80	5.27	fcc + M₂B	[66]
45# steel	FeCoCr_2.0NiB	8.15	9.49	20.00	1.5610	1.93	9.89	- 29.52	0.74	5.12	fcc + M₂B	[66]
45# steel	FeCoCr_3.0NiB	8.15	9.46	19.87	1.5587	1.73	9.07	- 29.67	0.68	5.03	fcc + M₂B	[66]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB_0.5(B)	3.54	6.44	12.11	1.5231	2.80	12.93	- 14.58	1.73	7.35	fcc + M₃B	[67]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB_0.75(B)	3.54	5.98	11.16	1.5211	2.51	12.9	- 12.86	1.93	7.58	fcc + M₃B	[67]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB(B)	3.54	6.19	11.58	1.5221	2.62	12.72	- 13.35	1.84	7.54	fcc + M₃B	[67]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB(C)	3.54	6.41	12.05	1.523	2.71	12.19	- 14.53	1.66	7.02	fcc + M₃B	[67]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB_1.25(B)	3.54	6.05	11.31	1.5215	2.53	12.65	- 12.30	1.94	7.96	fcc + M₃B	[67]
Q235 steel	FeCoCrNiB_1.25(C)	3.54	6.65	12.54	1.5241	2.83	12.06	- 15.63	1.55	6.83	fcc + M₃B	[67]
45# steel	FeCrNiCoMnB_0.75	2.36	9.23	18.95	1.5538	3.06	9.91	- 8.94	2.35	5.96	fcc + M₂B	[54]
45# steel	FeCrNiCoMnB	2.36	9.25	19.08	1.5550	3.06	10.06	- 11.39	1.86	5.95	fcc + M₂B	[54]
Q235	FeCoCrNiB	5.10	8.17	15.99	1.5346	3.69	13.22	- 21.37	1.24	6.89	fcc + M₃B	[68]
Q235	FeCoCrNiB_0.5	3.54	-	8.00	-	-	13.15	- 13.30	1.84	7.70	fcc + M₂B	[70]
Q235	MoFeCrTiW	8.49	-	6.10	-	-	13.38	- 5.76	5.80	6.00	bcc + IM	[65]
Q235	MoFeCrTiWSi	8.49	-	7.50	-	-	14.90	- 24.89	1.40	5.70	bcc + IM	[65]
Q235	MoFeCrTiWSiAl	8.49	-	7.30	-	-	16.18	- 24.57	1.40	5.30	bcc + IM	[65]