Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) ›› 2021, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (6): 755-764.DOI: 10.1007/s40195-020-01186-x
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Yi-Shuang Yu1, Zhi-Quan Wang1, Bin-Bin Wu2, Jing-Xiao Zhao1, Xue-Lin Wang1, Hui Guo1, Cheng-Jia Shang1,3()
Received:
2020-07-05
Revised:
2020-10-25
Accepted:
2020-10-28
Online:
2021-06-10
Published:
2021-05-31
Contact:
Cheng-Jia Shang
About author:
Cheng-Jia Shang. cjshang@ustb.edu.cnYi-Shuang Yu, Zhi-Quan Wang, Bin-Bin Wu, Jing-Xiao Zhao, Xue-Lin Wang, Hui Guo, Cheng-Jia Shang. Tailoring Variant Pairing to Enhance Impact Toughness in High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels via Trace Carbon Addition[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2021, 34(6): 755-764.
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Steel | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr + Ni + Cu + Mo | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.04C | 0.04 | 0.21 | 1.35 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 2.72 | 0.0020 |
0.08C | 0.08 | 0.23 | 1.34 | 0.009 | 0.010 | 2.65 | 0.0011 |
0.12C | 0.12 | 0.22 | 1.28 | 0.008 | 0.010 | 2.69 | 0.0016 |
Table 1 Chemical compositions of the studied steels (wt%)
Steel | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Cr + Ni + Cu + Mo | B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.04C | 0.04 | 0.21 | 1.35 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 2.72 | 0.0020 |
0.08C | 0.08 | 0.23 | 1.34 | 0.009 | 0.010 | 2.65 | 0.0011 |
0.12C | 0.12 | 0.22 | 1.28 | 0.008 | 0.010 | 2.69 | 0.0016 |
Steel | Yield strength (MPa) | Tensile strength (MPa) | Total elongation (%) | Impact energy (J) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.04C | 853 | 1059 | 14.2 | 35 (± 7) |
0.08C | 1022 | 1268 | 12.7 | 57 (± 1) |
0.12C | 1052 | 1327 | 14.6 | 63 (± 2) |
Table 2 Mechanical properties of the studied steels
Steel | Yield strength (MPa) | Tensile strength (MPa) | Total elongation (%) | Impact energy (J) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.04C | 853 | 1059 | 14.2 | 35 (± 7) |
0.08C | 1022 | 1268 | 12.7 | 57 (± 1) |
0.12C | 1052 | 1327 | 14.6 | 63 (± 2) |
Fig. 1 SEM micrographs a, c, e and Band contrast (BC) maps depicting boundary distribution b, d, f of 0.04C steel a, b, 0.08C steel c, d and 0.12C steel e, f (white line: 5°?<?θ?<?15°, black line: 15°?<?θ?<?45°, yellow line: θ?>?45°, red line: Σ3; θ—misorientation)
Fig. 2 Reconstructed PAGs a, d, g, crystallographic packet b, e, h and Bain group c, f, i of steels with 0.04C a, b, c, 0.08C d, e, f and 0.12C g, h, i (white line: 5°?<?θ?<?15°, black line: θ?>?15°)
OR | Steel | Euler angle | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
φ1 (°) | Φ (°) | φ2 (°) | ||
Exact K-S OR | 114.2 | 10.5 | 204.2 | |
Actual OR | 0.04C | 117.3 | 8.9 | 199.1 |
0.08C | 118.1 | 8.8 | 198.0 | |
0.12C | 120.2 | 8.9 | 195.8 |
Table 3 Orientation relationships (OR) of three steels
OR | Steel | Euler angle | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
φ1 (°) | Φ (°) | φ2 (°) | ||
Exact K-S OR | 114.2 | 10.5 | 204.2 | |
Actual OR | 0.04C | 117.3 | 8.9 | 199.1 |
0.08C | 118.1 | 8.8 | 198.0 | |
0.12C | 120.2 | 8.9 | 195.8 |
Variant | Plane parallel | Direction parallel | Rotation angle/axis from V1 | CP group | Bain group | Boundary type | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exact K-S OR | 0.04C | 0.08C | 0.12C | ||||||
V1 | (1,1,1)γ//(0,1,1)α | [- | - | - | - | - | CP1 | B1 | - |
V2 | [- | 60.0°/[ | 60.1° | 60.2° | 60.2° | B2 | Block | ||
V3 | [ | 60.0°/[ | 59.7° | 59.4° | 59.7° | B3 | Block | ||
V4 | [ | 10.5°/[ | 6.3° | 5.7° | 5.1° | B1 | Sub-block | ||
V5 | [ | 60.0°/[ | 59.7° | 59.4° | 59.7° | B2 | Block | ||
V6 | [ | 49.5°/[ | 54.0° | 54.7° | 55.1° | B3 | Block | ||
V7 | (1,-1,1)γ//(0,1,1)α | [ | 49.5°/[- | 52.3° | 52.6° | 52.1° | CP2 | B2 | Packet |
V8 | [ | 10.5°/[ | 8.4° | 8.4° | 9.1° | B1 | Packet | ||
V9 | [- | 50.5°/[- | 52.4° | 52.5° | 52.6° | B3 | Packet | ||
V10 | [- | 50.5°/[- | 51.8° | 51.7° | 51.5° | B2 | Packet | ||
V11 | [ | 14.9°/[ | 12.6° | 12.5° | 12.6° | B1 | Packet | ||
V12 | [ | 57.2°/[- | 58.5° | 57.9° | 57.5° | B3 | Packet | ||
V13 | (-1,1,1)γ//(0,1,1)α | [ | 14.9°/[ | 12.6° | 12.5° | 12.6° | CP3 | B1 | Packet |
V14 | [ | 50.5°/[- | 51.8° | 51.7° | 51.5° | B3 | Packet | ||
V15 | [- | 57.2°/[- | 57.4° | 57.2° | 56.8° | B2 | Packet | ||
V16 | [- | 20.6°/[ | 16.1° | 15.8° | 15.6° | B1 | Packet | ||
V17 | [ | 51.7°/[- | 51.6° | 51.2° | 51.1° | B3 | Packet | ||
V18 | [ | 47.1°/[- | 51.6° | 52.1° | 52.1° | B2 | Packet | ||
V19 | (1,1,-1)γ//(0,1,1)α | [- | 50.5°/[- | 52.4° | 52.5° | 52.6° | CP4 | B3 | Packet |
V20 | [- | 57.2°/[ | 58.5° | 57.9° | 57.5° | B2 | Packet | ||
V21 | [ | 20.6°/[ | 17.1° | 17.0° | 17.4° | B1 | Packet | ||
V22 | [ | 47.1°/[- | 51.6° | 52.1° | 52.1° | B3 | Packet | ||
V23 | [ | 57.2°/[- | 57.4° | 57.2° | 56.8° | B2 | Packet | ||
V24 | [ | 21.1°/[ | 17.8° | 17.7° | 17.9° | B1 | Packet |
Table 4 Misorientation axes and angles between V1 and the other variants calculated from the actual OR, and the inter-variant boundary characteristics [25, 26]
Variant | Plane parallel | Direction parallel | Rotation angle/axis from V1 | CP group | Bain group | Boundary type | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exact K-S OR | 0.04C | 0.08C | 0.12C | ||||||
V1 | (1,1,1)γ//(0,1,1)α | [- | - | - | - | - | CP1 | B1 | - |
V2 | [- | 60.0°/[ | 60.1° | 60.2° | 60.2° | B2 | Block | ||
V3 | [ | 60.0°/[ | 59.7° | 59.4° | 59.7° | B3 | Block | ||
V4 | [ | 10.5°/[ | 6.3° | 5.7° | 5.1° | B1 | Sub-block | ||
V5 | [ | 60.0°/[ | 59.7° | 59.4° | 59.7° | B2 | Block | ||
V6 | [ | 49.5°/[ | 54.0° | 54.7° | 55.1° | B3 | Block | ||
V7 | (1,-1,1)γ//(0,1,1)α | [ | 49.5°/[- | 52.3° | 52.6° | 52.1° | CP2 | B2 | Packet |
V8 | [ | 10.5°/[ | 8.4° | 8.4° | 9.1° | B1 | Packet | ||
V9 | [- | 50.5°/[- | 52.4° | 52.5° | 52.6° | B3 | Packet | ||
V10 | [- | 50.5°/[- | 51.8° | 51.7° | 51.5° | B2 | Packet | ||
V11 | [ | 14.9°/[ | 12.6° | 12.5° | 12.6° | B1 | Packet | ||
V12 | [ | 57.2°/[- | 58.5° | 57.9° | 57.5° | B3 | Packet | ||
V13 | (-1,1,1)γ//(0,1,1)α | [ | 14.9°/[ | 12.6° | 12.5° | 12.6° | CP3 | B1 | Packet |
V14 | [ | 50.5°/[- | 51.8° | 51.7° | 51.5° | B3 | Packet | ||
V15 | [- | 57.2°/[- | 57.4° | 57.2° | 56.8° | B2 | Packet | ||
V16 | [- | 20.6°/[ | 16.1° | 15.8° | 15.6° | B1 | Packet | ||
V17 | [ | 51.7°/[- | 51.6° | 51.2° | 51.1° | B3 | Packet | ||
V18 | [ | 47.1°/[- | 51.6° | 52.1° | 52.1° | B2 | Packet | ||
V19 | (1,1,-1)γ//(0,1,1)α | [- | 50.5°/[- | 52.4° | 52.5° | 52.6° | CP4 | B3 | Packet |
V20 | [- | 57.2°/[ | 58.5° | 57.9° | 57.5° | B2 | Packet | ||
V21 | [ | 20.6°/[ | 17.1° | 17.0° | 17.4° | B1 | Packet | ||
V22 | [ | 47.1°/[- | 51.6° | 52.1° | 52.1° | B3 | Packet | ||
V23 | [ | 57.2°/[- | 57.4° | 57.2° | 56.8° | B2 | Packet | ||
V24 | [ | 21.1°/[ | 17.8° | 17.7° | 17.9° | B1 | Packet |
Fig. 6 Fracture surface morphologies of CVN impact samples: entire fracture surface morphologies a, b, c and microstructures in the fibrous region a1, b1, c1, radial region a2, b2, c2 and secondary fibrous region a3, b3, c3 of steels with 0.04C a-a1-a2-a3, 0.08C b-b1-b2-b3 and 0.12C c-c1-c2-c3
Fig. 7 Variant pairing tendency a and schematics of martensite formation b in 0.04C, 0.08C and 0.12C steels. In image b, white and black lines represent low and high angle boundaries, respectively
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