Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) ›› 2015, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (3): 322-330.DOI: 10.1007/s40195-014-0200-x
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Ali Akbar Khamei, Kamran Dehghani()
Received:
2014-07-11
Revised:
2014-10-01
Online:
2015-01-08
Published:
2015-07-23
Ali Akbar Khamei, Kamran Dehghani. Hot Ductility of Severe Plastic Deformed AA6061 Aluminum Alloy[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2015, 28(3): 322-330.
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Alloy | Parameter | Max. elongation, temperature, strain rate |
---|---|---|
6061 [ | Alloying elements additions (Cu, Zr) | 1,300%, 590 °C, 2.8 × 10-4 s-1 |
6061 [ | Grain refinement (ECAP) | 150%, 300 °C, 1 × 10-4 s-1 |
6061 [ | Alloying elements additions (Mg, Zr) Grain refinement (HPT) | 600%, 300 °C, 1 × 10-2 s-1 |
6013 [ | Grain refinement (thermomechanical processing) Second phase (over aging) | 375%, 540 °C, 5 × 10-4 s-1 |
6061 [ | Initial structure (Furnace/Water cooling) Grain refinement (high-ratio differential speed rolling) | 185%, 250 °C, 9.15 × 10-4 s-1 |
6082 [ | Grain refinement (ECAP) | 135%, 350 °C, 1 × 10-3 s-1 |
6061 [ | Grain refinement (ECAP) | 100%, 250 °C, 1 × 10-3 s-1 |
6061 [ | Grain refinement (multi-axial compressions/forging) | 115%, 300 °C, 1 × 10-4 s-1 |
6061 [ | Grain refinement (ECAP) Second phase (peak aging) | 280%, 540 °C, 3 × 10-4 s-1 |
Table 1 Main parameters on superplastic behavior of 6000 Al alloys
Alloy | Parameter | Max. elongation, temperature, strain rate |
---|---|---|
6061 [ | Alloying elements additions (Cu, Zr) | 1,300%, 590 °C, 2.8 × 10-4 s-1 |
6061 [ | Grain refinement (ECAP) | 150%, 300 °C, 1 × 10-4 s-1 |
6061 [ | Alloying elements additions (Mg, Zr) Grain refinement (HPT) | 600%, 300 °C, 1 × 10-2 s-1 |
6013 [ | Grain refinement (thermomechanical processing) Second phase (over aging) | 375%, 540 °C, 5 × 10-4 s-1 |
6061 [ | Initial structure (Furnace/Water cooling) Grain refinement (high-ratio differential speed rolling) | 185%, 250 °C, 9.15 × 10-4 s-1 |
6082 [ | Grain refinement (ECAP) | 135%, 350 °C, 1 × 10-3 s-1 |
6061 [ | Grain refinement (ECAP) | 100%, 250 °C, 1 × 10-3 s-1 |
6061 [ | Grain refinement (multi-axial compressions/forging) | 115%, 300 °C, 1 × 10-4 s-1 |
6061 [ | Grain refinement (ECAP) Second phase (peak aging) | 280%, 540 °C, 3 × 10-4 s-1 |
Sample | Si | Fe | Cu | Mn | Mg | Cr | Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WC | 0.73 | 0.37 | 0.2 | 0.07 | 0.9 | 0.19 | Bal. |
Standard [ | 0.4-0.8 | ≥0.7 | 0.15-0.4 | ≥0.15 | 0.8-1.2 | 0.04-0.35 | Bal. |
Table 2 The composition of studied AA6061 (wt%)
Sample | Si | Fe | Cu | Mn | Mg | Cr | Al |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WC | 0.73 | 0.37 | 0.2 | 0.07 | 0.9 | 0.19 | Bal. |
Standard [ | 0.4-0.8 | ≥0.7 | 0.15-0.4 | ≥0.15 | 0.8-1.2 | 0.04-0.35 | Bal. |
Channel angle Φ (°) | Route | ε (shear) | Pass number of ECAP | ε (true) | ε (total) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
100 | C x | 0.82 | 1 | 2.2 | 3.02 |
2 | 3.84 |
Table 3 Severe plastic deformation parameters (ECAP and rolling)
Channel angle Φ (°) | Route | ε (shear) | Pass number of ECAP | ε (true) | ε (total) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
100 | C x | 0.82 | 1 | 2.2 | 3.02 |
2 | 3.84 |
Fig. 6 Typical true stress-strain curves for WC + 2P (ECAP) + CRed 6061 alloy under the different strain rates and deformation temperatures of 300 °C a, 500 °C b
Fig. 8 Flow stress versus elongation to failure over a range of strain rates at 400 °C for severe plastic deformed samples: a WC + 1P (ECAP) + CRed, b WC + 2P (ECAP) + CRed
Method | ɛ | T (°C) | l (mm) | A (mm2) | l/A 1/2 | T (°C) | \( \dot{\varepsilon } \) (s-1) | El (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High-ratio differential speed rolling [ | 1.2 | 150 | 5 | - | - | 220 | 1.4 × 10-4 | 175 |
250 | 9.15 × 10-4 | 185 | ||||||
280 | 9.15 × 10-4 | 160 | ||||||
ECAP (12p) + peak age (100 °C + 48 h) [ | 12 | 125 | 5 | 8 | 1.77 | 250 | 1.7 × 10-4 | 155 |
ECAP (12p) + peak age (100 °C + 48 h)/without aging | 540 | 3 × 10-4 | 280 | |||||
ECAP (12p) + peak age (100 °C + 48 h)/without aging | 540 | 1 × 10-3 | 260 | |||||
ECAP (8p) [ | 8 | - | 5 | 8 | 1.77 | 200 | 1 × 10-3 | 55 |
250 | 1 × 10-3 | 100 | ||||||
280 | 1 × 10-3 | 85 | ||||||
ECAP (8p) [ | 8 | 300 (6p) + 150 (2p) | 4 | 0.4 | 6.32 | 300 | 1 × 10-4 | 150 |
ECAP (1p) + rolling (this study) | 3.02 | RT | 5 | 6 | 2.04 | 400 | 1 × 10-3 | 172 |
500 | 1 × 10-3 | 208 | ||||||
ECAP (2p) + rolling (this study) | 3.8 | RT | 31 | 6 | 10.33 | 400 | 1 × 10-3 | 74 |
500 | 1 × 10-3 | 85 |
Table 4 A comparison of the maximum elongation of SPD-processed AA6061
Method | ɛ | T (°C) | l (mm) | A (mm2) | l/A 1/2 | T (°C) | \( \dot{\varepsilon } \) (s-1) | El (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High-ratio differential speed rolling [ | 1.2 | 150 | 5 | - | - | 220 | 1.4 × 10-4 | 175 |
250 | 9.15 × 10-4 | 185 | ||||||
280 | 9.15 × 10-4 | 160 | ||||||
ECAP (12p) + peak age (100 °C + 48 h) [ | 12 | 125 | 5 | 8 | 1.77 | 250 | 1.7 × 10-4 | 155 |
ECAP (12p) + peak age (100 °C + 48 h)/without aging | 540 | 3 × 10-4 | 280 | |||||
ECAP (12p) + peak age (100 °C + 48 h)/without aging | 540 | 1 × 10-3 | 260 | |||||
ECAP (8p) [ | 8 | - | 5 | 8 | 1.77 | 200 | 1 × 10-3 | 55 |
250 | 1 × 10-3 | 100 | ||||||
280 | 1 × 10-3 | 85 | ||||||
ECAP (8p) [ | 8 | 300 (6p) + 150 (2p) | 4 | 0.4 | 6.32 | 300 | 1 × 10-4 | 150 |
ECAP (1p) + rolling (this study) | 3.02 | RT | 5 | 6 | 2.04 | 400 | 1 × 10-3 | 172 |
500 | 1 × 10-3 | 208 | ||||||
ECAP (2p) + rolling (this study) | 3.8 | RT | 31 | 6 | 10.33 | 400 | 1 × 10-3 | 74 |
500 | 1 × 10-3 | 85 |
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