Influence of Treatment Sequence on Tribological Performance of Duplex Surface-Treated AISI 1045 Steel

doi:10.1007/s40195-019-00874-7

Abstract

Abstract:

The surface of AISI 1045 steel specimens was modified via two duplex surface treatments of (i) titanium diffusion coating followed by plasma nitriding (Ti-PN) and (ii) plasma nitriding followed by titanium diffusion coating (PN-Ti). A comparative study on the microstructure and wear properties of the fabricated TiN coatings was conducted. A scanning electron microscope equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and pin-on-disk wear test was utilized to evaluate the microstructures, phases, and wear properties of the coatings. XRD patterns of duplex-treated specimens illustrated that the modified layer consisted of nitride and carbo-nitride phases such as TiN and TiC_0.7N_0.3. The results also showed that Ti-PN treatment led to a low friction coefficient and the lowest wear factors, as compared with the PN-Ti treatment. Oxidation and mild fatigue fracture wear were found to be the main wear mechanism of the Ti-PN coating. The wear mechanism in the PN-Ti specimen involved a higher oxidative wear regime followed by plastic deformation wear regimes.

Key words: Duplex surface treatment, TiN coating, Plasma nitriding, Titanium diffusion coating, Tribological performance

Farahnaz Haftlang, Ali Habibolahzadeh. Influence of Treatment Sequence on Tribological Performance of Duplex Surface-Treated AISI 1045 Steel[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2019, 32(10): 1227-1236.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1 SEM surface topolographs a, c, and EDS analysis b, d of a, b Ti-PN and b, c PN-Ti specimens with EDS elemental analyses of selected regions

Table 1 Top surfaces EDS analyses of duplex-treated specimens for points A-C in Fig. 1 (at%)

Element	A	B	C
N	63.05	19.63	18.40
Ti	13.95	36.79	44.00
Fe	32.28	26.62	27.79
C	12.24	16.95	9.81

Fig. 2 XRD patterns of experimented specimens

Table 2 Thickness, micro-hardness, surface roughness and average friction coefficients of different surface-treated specimens

	AISI 1045	Ti	PN	Ti-PN	PN-Ti
Thickness (μm)
Outer layer	-	5.7 ± 2.0	8.6 ± 1.5	1.88 ± 0.70	2.50 ± 1.07
Intermediate layer	-	-	-	4.50 ± 1.50	8.60 ± 1.23
Micro-hardness (HV)	270 ± 9	1049 ± 5	708 ± 9	1435 ± 4	1095 ± 8
Surface roughness R_a (μm)	0.257 ± 0.11	1.30 ± 0.28	0.59 ± 0.21	1.29 ± 0.27	1.58 ± 0.25
Average friction coefficient	1.11 ± 0.07	1.27 ± 0.02	1.27 ± 0.02	0.57 ± 0.01	0.65 ± 0.01

Fig. 3 Cross-sectional SEM micrographs of AISI 1045 steel after a titanium diffusion coating, b Ti-PN treatments and c, d their EDS elemental line scan profiles

Fig. 4 Cross-sectional SEM micrographs of AISI 1045 steel after a plasma nitriding and b PN-Ti treatments and c, d their EDS elemental line scan profiles

Fig. 5 Plots of friction coefficients versus sliding distance for surface modified

Fig. 6 Variation of wear factors and surface hardness of experimental specimens

Fig. 7 a, c Secondary electron and b, d BSE micrographs of worn surfaces for a, b Ti-PN and c, d PN-Ti specimens

Table 3 EDS analyses of worn surfaces on duplex-treated specimens for points A-F in Fig. 7 (at%)

Element	A	B	C	D	E	F
O	18.35	11.28	48.51	23.68	13.45	3.70
Fe	41.82	72.13	18.35	24.37	13.37	66.89
Ti	20.30	20.31	28.17	39.75	52.54	23.02
N	19.53	16.28	4.97	12.20	20.65	6.39

References

[1]	H. Madanipour, M. Soltanieh, N. Nayebpashaee, Mater. Des. 51, 43(2013)
[2]	S. Taktak, I. Gunes, S. Ulker, Y. Yalcin, Mater. Charact. 59, 1784(2008)
[3]	V.H. Baggio-Scheid, G. de Vasconcelos, M.A.S. Oliveira, B.C. Ferreira, Surf. Coat. Technol. 163-164, 313(2003)
[4]	F.M. El-Hossary, N.Z. Negm, A.M. Abd El-Rahman, M. Hammad, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 29, 1167 (2009)
[5]	I. Ebrahimzadeh, F. Ashrafizadeh, Ceram. Int. 40, 16429(2014)
[6]	T. Bell, H. Dong, Y. Sun, Tribol. Int. 31, 127(1998)
[7]	S. Tang, N. Shi, J. Wang, A. Tang, Ceram. Int. 43, 3818(2017)
[8]	F. Haftlang, A. Habibolahzadeh, M.H. Sohi, Vacuum 107, 155 (2014)
[9]	F. Hakami, A. Pramanic, A.K. Basak, Aust. J. Mech. Eng. 15, 55(2017)
[10]	S. Liscano, L. Gil, O.A. León, M. Cruz, M.H. Staia, Surf. Coat. Technol. 201, 4419(2006)
[11]	A.F. Rousseau, J.G. Partridge, E.L.H. Mayes, J.T. Toton, M. Kracica, D.G. McCulloch, E.D. Doyle, Surf. Coat. Technol. 272, 403(2015)
[12]	S. Yang, K. Cooke, H. Sun, X. Li, K. Lin, H. Dong, Surf. Coat. Technol. 236, 2(2013)
[13]	S. Ma, Y. Li, K. Xu, Surf. Coat. Technol. 137, 116(2001)
[14]	W. Cui, Y. Zhang, R. Song, P. Wang, Ceram. Int. 44, 14767(2018)
[15]	H. Elmkhah, F. Attarzadeh, A. Fattah-alhosseini, K.H. Kim, J. Alloys Compd. 735, 422(2018)
[16]	M.I. Bashir, M. Shafiq, M. Naeem, M. Zaka-ul-Islam, J.C. Díaz-Guillén, C.M. Lopez-Badillo, M. Zakaullah, Surf. Coat. Technol. 327, 59(2017)
[17]	E.E. Vera, M. Vite, R. Lewis, E.A. Gallardo, J.R. Laguna-Camacho, Wear 271, 2116 (2011)
[18]	N. Madaoui, N. Saoula, B. Zaid, D. Saidi, A.S. Ahmed, Appl. Surf. Sci. 312, 134(2014)
[19]	L. Hultman, Vacuum 57, 1 (2000)
[20]	H. Elmkhah, F. Mahboubi, A. Abdollah-Zadeh, S. Ahangarani, M. Raoufi, M.S. Mahdipoor, Mater. Lett. 82, 105(2012)
[21]	U. Sen, Vacuum 75, 339 (2004)
[22]	A. Bahri, E. Ka?ar, S.S. Akkaya, K. Elleuch, M. ürgen, Surf. Coat. Technol. 304, 560(2016)
[23]	W. Ming’e, M. Guojia, L. Xing, D. Chuang, Rare Met. Mater. Eng. 45, 3080(2016)
[24]	T. Aiso, U. Wiklund, M. Kubota, S. Jacobson, Tribol. Int. 101, 414(2016)
[25]	G. Ma, L. Wang, H. Gao, J. Zhang, T. Reddyhoff, Appl. Surf. Sci. 345, 109(2015)
[26]	P. Panjan, A. Drnov?ek, J. Kova?, Surf. Coat. Technol. 343, 138(2018)
[27]	K. Kato, Wear 241, 151 (2000)
[28]	C.D. Rabadia, Y.J. Liu, L. Wang, H. Sun, L.C. Zhang, Mater. Des. 154, 228(2018)
[29]	C.D. Rabadia, Y.J. Liu, G.H. Cao, Y.H. Li, C.W. Zhang, T.B. Sercombe, H. Sun, L.C. Zhang, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 732, 368 (2018)
[30]	F.H. Wang, H.P. Chang, C.C. Tseng, C.C. Huang, Surf. Coat. Technol. 205, 5269(2011)
[31]	C. Borcz, C.M. Lepienski, S.F. Brunatto, Surf. Coat. Technol. 224, 114(2013)
[32]	A.H.Committee, in: ASM Handbook Volume 3: Alloy Phase Diagrams (ASM International, 1992)
[33]	F. üstel, S. Zeytin, Vacuum 81, 360 (2006)
[34]	A. Habibolahzadeh, F. Haftlang, J. Tribol. 140, 021602-1 (2018)
[35]	P.N. Bindumadhavan, S. Makesh, N. Gowrishankar, H.K. Wah, O. Prabhakar, Surf. Coat. Technol. 127, 251(2000)
[36]	U. Sen, Mater. Des. 26, 167(2005)
[37]	K. Khoo, M. Takeuchi, J. Onuki, T. Komiyama, Mater. Trans. 45, 942(2004)
[38]	I. Efeoglu, A. Celik, Mater. Charact. 46, 311(2001)
[39]	P. Yu, L.C. Zhang, K.B. Kim, W.Y. Zhang, J. Das, J. Eckert, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 444, 206 (2007)
[40]	M. ł?picka, M. Gr?dzka-Dahlke, D. Pieniak, K. Pasierbiewicz, A. Niewczas, Wear 382-383, 62(2017)
[41]	S. Lu, B. Miao, L. Song, R. Song, K. Wei, J. Hu, Vacuum 145, 153 (2017)
[42]	N. Fillot, I. Iordanoff, Y. Berthier, Wear 262, 949 (2007)
[43]	N. Fillot, I. Iordanoff, Y. Berthier, Tribol. Int. 40, 973(2007)
[44]	E. Badisch, M. Stoiber, G.A. Fontalvo, C. Mitterer, Surf. Coat. Technol. 164, 451(2003)
[45]	A.H. Liu, J.X. Deng, H.B. Cui, Y.Y. Chen, J. Zhao, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 31, 82(2012)
[46]	S.C. Tjong, K.C. Lau, Mater. Sci. Technol. 16, 99(2000)
[47]	M.F. Yan, Y.D. Zhu, C.S. Zhang, Y.X. Zhang, Y.X. Wang, L. Yang, Mater. Des. 84, 10(2015)
[48]	L. Yang, F.Y. Zhang, M.F. Yan, M.L. Zhang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 292, 225(2014)
[49]	N. Diomidis, S. Mischler, Tribol. Int. 44, 1452(2011)
[50]	I. Milosev, H.H. Strehblow, B. Navinsek, Surf. Coat. Technol. 74-75, 897(1995)
[51]	M. Eslami, F. Golestani-Fard, H. Saghafian, A. Robin, Mater. Des. 58, 557(2014)