Fig. 1 Nano-engineering steels

Fig. 2 2D composition-dependent map of stacking fault energy (unit: mJ/m2) at 300 K: a Fe–Mn–C alloy system; b Fe–Mn–Al–C alloy system with 1.5 wt% Al

Fig. 3 3D composition-dependent SFE map of Fe–Mn–Al–C steel at 300 K

Fig. 4 Changing of iso-SFE surface with the increase of temperature

Fig. 5 Effect of Al and C on composition-dependent SFE

Fig. 6 Comparison of the flow and strain hardening behavior of advanced high strength steels with TWIP-aided and non-TWIP-aided austenitic steels

Fig. 7 True stress–true strain curves a strain hardening curves b 0.3C–17Mn–1.5Al steel in the temperature range between -40 and 80 °C

Fig. 8 Microstructure of 0.3C–17Mn–1.5Al steel in initial state a after fracture at -40 °C b, 23 °C c, 80 °C d (Klemm etchant, ×500 magnification)

Fig. 9 Flow and strain hardening curves of the 0.6C–17Mn–1.5Al and 0.3C–23Mn–1.5Al steels

Fig. 10 Microstructure of 0.6C–17Mn–1.5Al steel a 0.3C–23Mn–1.5Al steel b after fracture close to the crack (Klemm etchant, ×500 magnification)

Fig. 11 Smoothened a un-smoothened b flow and strain hardening curves of a 0.3C–28Mn and a 0.3C–23Mn–1.5Al steels