Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) ›› 2021, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (5): 694-700.DOI: 10.1007/s40195-020-01158-1
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Ji Zhang1, Ling Ren1, Ke Yang1()
Received:
2020-07-06
Revised:
2020-08-03
Accepted:
2020-08-28
Online:
2021-05-10
Published:
2021-04-30
Contact:
Ke Yang
About author:
Ke Yang, kyang@imr.ac.cnJi Zhang, Ling Ren, Ke Yang. Cytotoxicity of Ti-6Al-4V-5Cu Alloy to MC3T3-E1 Cells[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2021, 34(5): 694-700.
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Sample | Abbreviation | Fabricated process | Microstructure | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control group | Ti-6Al-4V | Annealing-TC4 | 700 °C/annealing/1 h/AC | α + β |
Experimental group | Ti-6Al-4V-5Cu | Annealing-TC4-Cu | 740 °C/annealing/1 h/AC | α + β |
Aging-TC4-Cu | 480 °C/aging/2 h | α + β + Ti2Cu | ||
Rolling-TC4-Cu | 800 °C/rolling | α + β | ||
Solution + aging-TC4-Cu | 840 °C/solution/1 h/FC +480 °C/aging/2 h | α + β + Ti2Cu |
Table 1 Fabrication process and microstructure of the control group and the experimental group samples
Sample | Abbreviation | Fabricated process | Microstructure | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control group | Ti-6Al-4V | Annealing-TC4 | 700 °C/annealing/1 h/AC | α + β |
Experimental group | Ti-6Al-4V-5Cu | Annealing-TC4-Cu | 740 °C/annealing/1 h/AC | α + β |
Aging-TC4-Cu | 480 °C/aging/2 h | α + β + Ti2Cu | ||
Rolling-TC4-Cu | 800 °C/rolling | α + β | ||
Solution + aging-TC4-Cu | 840 °C/solution/1 h/FC +480 °C/aging/2 h | α + β + Ti2Cu |
Relative growth rate (RGR) (%) | Toxicity grade | Evaluation results |
---|---|---|
≥ 100 | 0 | Qualified |
75-99 | 1 | Qualified |
50-74 | 2 | Re-review |
25-49 | 3 | Failed |
1-24 | 4 | Failed |
0 | 5 | Failed |
Table 2 Relative growth rate and toxicity grade [25]
Relative growth rate (RGR) (%) | Toxicity grade | Evaluation results |
---|---|---|
≥ 100 | 0 | Qualified |
75-99 | 1 | Qualified |
50-74 | 2 | Re-review |
25-49 | 3 | Failed |
1-24 | 4 | Failed |
0 | 5 | Failed |
Fig. 1 Viabilities and relative growth rates of MC3T3-E1 cells in each group at different phases: a viabilities of MC3T3-E1 cells determined by CCK-8 assay; b relative growth rate of the cells in each group
Specimens | Annealing-TC4 | Annealing-TC4-Cu | Aging-TC4-Cu | Rolling-TC4-Cu | Solution + aging-TC4-Cu | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OD value | 1 day | 0.669 ± 0.006 | 0.828 ± 0.025 | 0.485 ± 0.006 | 0.685 ± 0.030 | 0.601 ± 0.009 |
3 days | 1.486 ± 0.017 | 2.080 ± 0.037 | 1.453 ± 0.031 | 1.415 ± 0.019 | 1.499 ± 0.023 | |
7 days | 1.956 ± 0.011 | 2.096 ± 0.058 | 1.850 ± 0.071 | 1.890 ± 0.042 | 1.916 ± 0.006 | |
RGR (%) | 1 day | 100.0 ± 1.0 | 123.6 ± 3.1 | 72.6 ± 1.3 | 102.4 ± 4.5 | 89.8 ± 1.6 |
3 days | 100.0 ± 1.2 | 139.9 ± 1.8 | 97.8 ± 2.2 | 95.2 ± 1.4 | 100.8 ± 1.6 | |
7 days | 100.0 ± 0.6 | 107.2 ± 2.8 | 94.6 ± 3.9 | 96.6 ± 2.2 | 98.0 ± 0.4 | |
Cytotoxicity | 1 day | - | 0 Grade/non-cytotoxic | 2 Grade/mild cytotoxic | 0 Grade/non-cytotoxic | 1 Grade/non-cytotoxic |
3 days | - | 0 Grade/non-cytotoxic | 1 Grade/non-cytotoxic | 1 Grade/non-cytotoxic | 0 Grade/non-cytotoxic | |
7 days | - | 0 Grade/non-cytotoxic | 1 Grade/non-cytotoxic | 1 Grade/non-cytotoxic | 1 Grade/non-cytotoxic |
Table 3 Cytotoxicity of TC4-Cu samples of different fabrications
Specimens | Annealing-TC4 | Annealing-TC4-Cu | Aging-TC4-Cu | Rolling-TC4-Cu | Solution + aging-TC4-Cu | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OD value | 1 day | 0.669 ± 0.006 | 0.828 ± 0.025 | 0.485 ± 0.006 | 0.685 ± 0.030 | 0.601 ± 0.009 |
3 days | 1.486 ± 0.017 | 2.080 ± 0.037 | 1.453 ± 0.031 | 1.415 ± 0.019 | 1.499 ± 0.023 | |
7 days | 1.956 ± 0.011 | 2.096 ± 0.058 | 1.850 ± 0.071 | 1.890 ± 0.042 | 1.916 ± 0.006 | |
RGR (%) | 1 day | 100.0 ± 1.0 | 123.6 ± 3.1 | 72.6 ± 1.3 | 102.4 ± 4.5 | 89.8 ± 1.6 |
3 days | 100.0 ± 1.2 | 139.9 ± 1.8 | 97.8 ± 2.2 | 95.2 ± 1.4 | 100.8 ± 1.6 | |
7 days | 100.0 ± 0.6 | 107.2 ± 2.8 | 94.6 ± 3.9 | 96.6 ± 2.2 | 98.0 ± 0.4 | |
Cytotoxicity | 1 day | - | 0 Grade/non-cytotoxic | 2 Grade/mild cytotoxic | 0 Grade/non-cytotoxic | 1 Grade/non-cytotoxic |
3 days | - | 0 Grade/non-cytotoxic | 1 Grade/non-cytotoxic | 1 Grade/non-cytotoxic | 0 Grade/non-cytotoxic | |
7 days | - | 0 Grade/non-cytotoxic | 1 Grade/non-cytotoxic | 1 Grade/non-cytotoxic | 1 Grade/non-cytotoxic |
Fig. 2 Merged fluorescent images of MC3T3-E1 cultured on the surfaces of the negative control group and experimental groups of four fabrication processed alloy samples stained with DAPI (blue) for nucleus and Rhodamine Phalloidin (red) for cytoskeleton
Fig. 3 Calculated vertical section for Ti-4V-Al and Ti-5Cu-Al as well as mass fraction of phases in TC4 and TC4-Cu alloys: a vertical section for Ti-4V-Al alloy system; b mass fraction of phases in TC4 alloy under equilibrium state as a function of temperature; c vertical section for Ti-5Cu-Al alloy system; d mass fraction of phases in TC4-Cu alloy under equilibrium state as a function of temperature
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