金属学报英文版 ›› 2020, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (11): 1556-1570.DOI: 10.1007/s40195-020-01125-w
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收稿日期:2020-04-19修回日期:2020-06-14接受日期:2020-06-18出版日期:2020-11-10发布日期:2020-11-17
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon Q235 Steel Welded Using Friction Stir Welding
Hongduo Wang1,3, Kuaishe Wang1,2(
), Wen Wang1,2(), Yongxin Lu3, Pai Peng1,2, Peng Han1,2, Ke Qiao1,2, Zhihao Liu1,2, Lei Wang3
- 1School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, 710055, China
2National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Functional Materials Processing, Xi’an, 710055, China
3School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an, 710065, China
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Received:2020-04-19Revised:2020-06-14Accepted:2020-06-18Online:2020-11-10Published:2020-11-17 -
Contact:Kuaishe Wang,Wen Wang
引用本文
. [J]. 金属学报英文版, 2020, 33(11): 1556-1570.
Hongduo Wang, Kuaishe Wang, Wen Wang, Yongxin Lu, Pai Peng, Peng Han, Ke Qiao, Zhihao Liu, Lei Wang. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon Q235 Steel Welded Using Friction Stir Welding[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2020, 33(11): 1556-1570.
| C | Mn | Si | Ni | Mo | V | Cu | P | S | Fe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.167 | 0.284 | 0.162 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.021 | 0.010 | Bal |
Table 1 Chemical composition of the Q235 mild steel (wt%)
| C | Mn | Si | Ni | Mo | V | Cu | P | S | Fe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.167 | 0.284 | 0.162 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.021 | 0.010 | Bal |
Fig. 1 a Schematic diagram of the FSW, b dimensions of the stir pin, WD: direction of the welding, TD: transverse direction, ND: normal direction, RD: direction of the rolling of the plate, measured in mm
Fig. 2 Sampling diagrams of the FSW joint, the tensile specimen of the SZ and the three-point bending specimen
Fig. 3 Cross-sectional macrostructure of the FSW joint
Fig. 4 Microstructures of the BM (zone 1 in Fig. 3): a OM, b SEM microstructure of the pearlite, c EBSD map, d misorientation angle distribution, e distribution of the recrystallized grains. The yellow indicates the recrystallized grains
Fig. 5 Microstructures of the each zone in the joint, a-e OM microstructures of the HAZRS, TMAZRS, SZ, TMAZAS, and HAZAS (zones 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in Fig. 3), f-j SEM microstructures of the pearlite corresponding to the respective zones. The GF refers to the grain boundary ferrite, and the AF refers to the acicular ferrite
Fig. 6 EBSD microstructures in each zone of the joint: a-e HAZRS, TMAZRS, SZ, TMAZAS, and HAZAS, respectively (zones 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in Fig. 3). f-h misorientation angle distributions of the TMAZRS, SZ, and TMAZAS, respectively. The misorientation angle of the HAGBs is larger than 15°, and the misorientation angle of the LAGBs is between 2° and 15°, which are marked with the black and white lines, respectively
Fig. 7 Proportion of the LAGBs, HAGBs and recrystallized grain (RXG) and the grain size in each zone of the joint
Fig. 8 Morphologies of the recrystallized grains in a TMAZRS, b SZ, c TMAZAS (zones 3, 4, and 5 in Fig. 3). Yellow indicates the recrystallized grains. The misorientation angle of the HAGBs is larger than 15°, and the misorientation angle of the LAGBs is between 2° and 15°. Black and green lines represent the HAGBs and LAGBs, respectively
Fig. 9 ODF at the cross sections of the φ2 = 0° and φ2 = 45° and the composition of the superimposed ideal shear texture of a body-centered cubic (bcc) metal, a TMAZRS, b SZ, c TMAZAS
| Shear component | $\left\{ {hkl} \right\}\left\langle {uvw} \right\rangle$ | Euler angles (deg.) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| φ1 | φ | φ2 | ||
| $D_{1}$ | $\left\{ {{{\bar{1}\bar{1}2}}} \right\}\left\langle {111} \right\rangle$ | 54.7/234.7 | 45 | 0 |
| 144.7/324.7 | 90 | 45 | ||
| $D_{2}$ | $\left\{ {{{11\overline{2}}}} \right\}\left\langle {111} \right\rangle$ | 125.3/305.3 | 45 | 0 |
| 35.3/215.3 | 90 | 45 | ||
| $E$ | $\left\{ {{110}} \right\}\left\langle {1\overline{1}1} \right\rangle$ | 90 | 35.3 | 45 |
| $\overline{E}$ | $\left\{ {{{\overline{1}\overline{1}0}}} \right\}\left\langle {1\overline{1}1} \right\rangle$ | 270 | 35.3 | 45 |
| $J$ | $\left\{ {{110}} \right\}\left\langle {1\overline{1}2} \right\rangle$ | 90/210/330 | 54.7 | 45 |
| $\overline{J}$ | $\left\{ {{{\overline{1}\overline{1}0}}} \right\}\left\langle {\overline{1}1\overline{2}} \right\rangle$ | 30/150/270 | 54.7 | 45 |
| $F$ | $\left\{ {{110}} \right\}\left\langle {001} \right\rangle$ | 0/180 | 45 | 0 |
| 90/270 | 90 | 45 | ||
Table 2 Orientation of the ideal crystallographic in the simple shear deformation of a bcc metal [50]
| Shear component | $\left\{ {hkl} \right\}\left\langle {uvw} \right\rangle$ | Euler angles (deg.) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| φ1 | φ | φ2 | ||
| $D_{1}$ | $\left\{ {{{\bar{1}\bar{1}2}}} \right\}\left\langle {111} \right\rangle$ | 54.7/234.7 | 45 | 0 |
| 144.7/324.7 | 90 | 45 | ||
| $D_{2}$ | $\left\{ {{{11\overline{2}}}} \right\}\left\langle {111} \right\rangle$ | 125.3/305.3 | 45 | 0 |
| 35.3/215.3 | 90 | 45 | ||
| $E$ | $\left\{ {{110}} \right\}\left\langle {1\overline{1}1} \right\rangle$ | 90 | 35.3 | 45 |
| $\overline{E}$ | $\left\{ {{{\overline{1}\overline{1}0}}} \right\}\left\langle {1\overline{1}1} \right\rangle$ | 270 | 35.3 | 45 |
| $J$ | $\left\{ {{110}} \right\}\left\langle {1\overline{1}2} \right\rangle$ | 90/210/330 | 54.7 | 45 |
| $\overline{J}$ | $\left\{ {{{\overline{1}\overline{1}0}}} \right\}\left\langle {\overline{1}1\overline{2}} \right\rangle$ | 30/150/270 | 54.7 | 45 |
| $F$ | $\left\{ {{110}} \right\}\left\langle {001} \right\rangle$ | 0/180 | 45 | 0 |
| 90/270 | 90 | 45 | ||
Fig. 10 a Distribution of the microhardness on the joint’s cross section, b microstructure of the bainite, c microstructure underwent the incomplete transformation of the austenite, d distribution of the microhardness at different thicknesses of the joint
Fig. 11 Comparison of a the engineering stress-strain curves, b the mechanical properties of the BM, the joints of the FSW and SZ
Fig. 12 a Fractured locations of the joint, b OM microstructure at the location of the fracture and the fracture SEM images of c FSW specimen, d BM
Fig. 13 a Position of the fractures of the SZ specimen, b OM microstructure of the position of the fracture, c SEM of the fracture of the SZ specimen. AF acicular ferrite
Fig. 14 a Macro-morphology of the specimens of the face-bending and back-bending of the joint, b bending load-displacement curves of the BM and the joints of the FSW
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