Hydrogen Embrittlement of Advanced High-Strength Steel for Automobile Application: A Review

doi:10.1007/s40195-022-01517-0

摘要/Abstract

Abstract:

The hydrogen embrittlement (HE) fracture of advanced high-strength steels used in lightweight automobiles has received increasing public attention. The source, transmission, and movement of hydrogen, characterization parameters, and test methods of HE, as well as the characteristics and path of HE fractures, are introduced. The mechanisms and modes of crack propagation of HE and hydrogen-induced delayed fracture are reviewed. The recent progress surrounding micro and macro typical fracture characteristics and the influencing factors of HE are discussed. Finally, methods for improving HE resistance can be summarized as follows: (1) reducing crystalline grain and inclusion sizes (oxides, sulfides, and titanium nitride), (2) controlling nano-precipitates (niobium carbide, titanium carbide, and composite precipitation), and (3) increasing residual austenite content under the reasonable tension strength of steel.

Key words: Hydrogen embrittlement, High-strength steel, Hydrogen-induced delayed cracking, Hydrogen trapping, Residual austenite

. [J]. 金属学报英文版, 2023, 36(7): 1144-1158.

Ming-Tu Ma, Ke-Jian Li, Yu Si, Peng-Jun Cao, Hong-Zhou Lu, Ai-Min Guo, Guo-Dong Wang. Hydrogen Embrittlement of Advanced High-Strength Steel for Automobile Application: A Review[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2023, 36(7): 1144-1158.

图/表 8

Fig. 1 Source, transport, direction, and fracture process of hydrogen in steel. In the figure, solid lines indicating strong correlations and dashed lines indicating weak correlations [2]

Table 1 Reaction of hot forming steel and Al-Si-coated hot forming steel

Reaction of uncoated hot forming steel	Reaction of Al-Si-coated hot forming steel
3Fe + 4H₂O → Fe₃O₄ + 8H	Al + H₂O → Al(OH) + H
Fe + 4H₂O → FeO + 8H	2Al + 4H₂O → 2Al(OH) + 6H
(From 570 °C)	2Al + 3H₂O → Al₂O₃ + 6H
2Fe + 3H₂O → Fe₂O₃ + 6H	Si + 2H₂O → SiO₂ + 4H

Fig. 2 Fracture morphologies of hydrogen embrittlement of a micro-void coalescence dimple, b quasi-cleavage fracture, c intergranular fracture, d cleavage fracture [20]

Table 2 Binding energy of hydrogen in different materials [87,88,89]

Hydrogen trap styles	Binding energy(kJ mol⁻¹)	Materials
Single vacancy	46.0-79.0	Iron
C atomic	3.0	Iron
Mn atomic	11.0	Iron
V and C atomic	26.0-27.0	Iron
Dislocation	27.0	Iron
Grain boundary	17.2	Iron
Micro-void	35.2	Iron
Fe₃C	84.0	Medium carbon steel
TiC (coherent)	46.0-59.0	Low carbon steel
TiC(in-coherent)	86.0	Medium carbon steel
MnS	72.3	Low carbon alloy steel
V₄C₃	33.0-35.0	Low carbon alloy steel
NbC	63.0-68.0	Low carbon steel
Residential austenitic	59.9	Dual phase steel

Fig. 3 Four-point bending device

Fig. 4 EBSD result of a 22MnB5 and b 22MnB5NbV (grain refinement)

Fig. 5 Relationship between tensile strength and critical hydrogen content of steel materials

Fig. 6 EBSD analyses of a)22MnB5, b 33MnCrB, c 35MnCrB, d 22MnB5NbV, e 33MnCrBNbV, f 35MnCrBV

参考文献 90

[1]	W.H. Johnson, Nature 11, 393 (1875).
[2]	W.T. Anthoy, I.M. Bernstein, Stress Corrosion Cracking and hydrogen embrittlement, Review of advances in physical Metallurgy (Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing, 1985), pp. 482-505.
[3]	P. Hirthj, Metall. Trans. A 11, 861 (1980). DOI URL
[4]	M. Wang, E. Akiyamae, K. Tsuzaki, Corros. Sci. 49, 4081 (2007). DOI URL
[5]	Q. Liu, A. Atrens, Corros. Rev. 31, 85 (2013). DOI URL
[6]	M. Dadfarnia, A. Nagao, S. Wang, M.L. Martin, B.P. Somerday, P. Sofronis, Int. J. Fract. 196, 223 (2015). DOI URL
[7]	H. Bhadeshia, ISIJ Int. 56, 24 (2016). DOI URL
[8]	M.T. Ma, H.Z. Lu, Y.S. Chen, B.Y. Liu, Automobile Technol. Mater. 4, 1 (2021).
[9]	S.W. Owen, Met. Technol. 7, 1 (1980). DOI URL
[10]	M.T. Ma, B.R. Wu, Duplex Steel-Physical and Mechanical Metallurgy (Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing, 1988), pp. 1-10.
[11]	M.T. Ma, H.L. Yi, H.Z. Lu, Eng. Sci. 9, 71 (2012).
[12]	M.T. Ma, S.W. Jiang, G.Y. Li, Y. Feng, J. Zhou, H.Z. Lu, F.H. Li, Mater. Mech. Eng. 44, 1 (2020).
[13]	Y.J. Zhang, W.J. Hui, H. Dong, Acta Metall. Sin. Engl. Lett. 49, 1153 (2013).
[14]	J.Y. Li, H.B. Zhang, W.Z. Tan, G.P. Zhou, X.H. Wang, D.G. Ma, C.L. Liu,Analysis of Delayed Cracking Of Hot Stamping Steel, Study on Hydrogen-Induced Delayed Fracture of Chinese Automobile EVI and High Strength Steel (Beijing Institute of Technology Press, Beijing, 2019), pp. 318-324.
[15]	R.G. Davies, Metall. Trans. A 12, 1667 (1981). DOI URL
[16]	H. Zhao, P. Chakraborty, D. Ponge, T. Hickel, B. Sun, C.H. Wu, B. Gault, D. Raabe,Nature 602, 437 (2022). DOI
[17]	S. Hu, Y. Yin, H. Liang, Y.Z. Zhang, Y. Yan, Mater. Des. 218, 110702 (2022). DOI URL
[18]	C.B. Sebastian, S. Thierry, A. Anis,Hydrogen Embrittlement resistance of Al-Si coated 1.8GPa press hardened steel solutions for body-in-white(BIW) application//7 international conference for hot sheet metal forming of high-performance steel CHS2, 2019, June 2-5 th, Lulea Sweden, edited by Mats Oldenburg, Jens Hardell, Daniel Casellas. 2019: 179-189.
[19]	T. John, W.T. Anthony, I.M. Bernstein, J.R. Rebecca, Metall. Trans. A 7, 821 (1976). DOI URL
[20]	T. Shinko, G. Hénaff, D. Halm, G. Benoit, G. Bilotta, M. Arzaghi, Int. J. Fatigue 121, 197 (2019). DOI URL
[21]	Q.H. Liu, H.W. Tang, T.Z. Si, Mater. Prod. 51, 134 (2018).
[22]	R.A. Oriani, Acta Metall. 18, 147 (1970). DOI URL
[23]	E. Fricke, H. Stüwe, G. Vibrans, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 2, 2697 (1971).
[24]	J. Han, J.H. Nam, Y.K. Lee, Acta Metall. 113, 1 (2016).
[25]	K. Hirata, S. Iikubo, M. Koyama, K. Tsuzaki, H. Ohtani, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 49, 5015 (2018). DOI
[26]	T. Das, R. Chakrabarty, J. Song, S. Yue, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 47, 1343 (2022). DOI URL
[27]	N. Yazdipour, A.J. Haq, K. Muzaka, E.V. Pereloma, Comput. Mater. Sci. 56, 49 (2012). DOI URL
[28]	Y. Momotani, A. Shibata, T. Yonemura, B. Yu, N. Tsuji, Scr. Mater. 178, 318 (2020). DOI URL
[29]	D. Guedes, L. Cupertino Malheriros, A. Oudriss, S. Cohendoz, J. Bouhattate, J. Creus, F. Thebault, M. Piette, X. Feaugas, Acta Metall. 186, 133 (2020).
[30]	D. Rudomilova, T. Proek, P. Salvetr, A. Knaislová, G. Luckeneder, Mater. Corros. 71, 909 (2019).
[31]	A. Turk, G.R. Joshi, M. Gintalas, M. Callisti, E.I. Galindo-Nava, Acta Metall. 194, 118 (2020).
[32]	T/CSAE 155-2020 U-shaped constant bending load test method for hydrogen-induced delayed fracture sensitivity of ultra-high strength automotive steel plates.
[33]	M.T. Ma, G.D. Wang, D.F. Wang,Introduction to Automotive Lightweight (Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, 2020), pp. 158-178.
[34]	J.S. Kim, Y.H. Lee, D.L. Lee, K.T. Park, C.S. Lee, Mater Sci. Eng. A 505, 105 (2009). DOI URL
[35]	M. Wang, E. Akiyama, K. Tsuzaki, Corros. Sci. 48, 2189 (2006). DOI URL
[36]	S. Hiroshi, T. Kenichi, Y. Hagihara,Strain-Aged High-Strength Steel with High-Resistance to Delayed Fracture and Its Mechanism. Paper presented at Material Mechanics Conference, The Japan society of Mechanical Engineers, Tokyo, 24-26 October 2007.
[37]	S. Takagi, Y. Toji, M. Yoshino, K. Hasegawa, ISIJ Int. 52, 316 (2012). DOI URL
[38]	G.L. Pioszak, R.P. Gangloff,Corrosion 73, 1132 (2017). DOI URL
[39]	B. Sun, J.P. Lin, X.L. Gao, Hot Work. Technol. 44, 183 (2015).
[40]	K. Bergers, E. Camisão de Souza, I. Thomas, N. Mabho, J. Flock, Steel Res. Int. 81, 499 (2010). DOI URL
[41]	Kirchheimr, Acta Metall. 55 5139 (2007).
[42]	Kirchheimr, Acta Metall. 55 5129 (2007).
[43]	G. Westlaked, Argonne Natl Lab. 3, 1 (1969).
[44]	A. Orianir, Ber Bunst für Phys. Chem. 76, 848 (1972).
[45]	D. Beachemc, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 3, 441 (1972). DOI URL
[46]	K. Rnbaumh, Sofronisp, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 176 191 (1994).
[47]	Y.A. Du, L. Ismer, J. Rogal, T. Hickel, J. Neugebauer, R. Drautz, Phys. Rev. B 84, 144121 (2011). DOI URL
[48]	T. Yoshimasa, K. Hikaru, A. Ryo, A. Shigeo, H. Kimitaka, Y. Yamamoto, M. Shunsuke, T. Nobuo, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 661, 211 (2016). DOI URL
[49]	C.S. Marchic, B. Somerdayb, Technical reference on hydrogen compatibility of materials. Geology (2005). https://doi.org/10.2172/1055634
[50]	S.Q. Zhang, J.F. Wan, Q.Y. Zhao, J. Liu, F. Huang, Y.H. Huang, X.G. Li, Corros. Sci. 164, 108345 (2020). DOI URL
[51]	A. Pundta, R. Kirchheimr, Annu.Rev. Mater. Res. 36, 555 (2006).
[52]	S. Lynchs, Corros. Rev. 30, 105 (2012).
[53]	M. Nagumom, Fundamentals of Hydrogen Embrittlement. Springer, 2016.
[54]	P. Gong, J. Nutter, P.E.J. Rivera-Diaz-Del-Castillo, W.M. Rainforth, Sci. Adv. 6, 6152 (2020).
[55]	L.S. Darken, R.P. Smith,Corrosion 5, 1 (1949). DOI URL
[56]	H. Wu, B. Ju, D. Tang, R. Hu, A. Guo, Q. Kang, D. Wang, Mater Sci. Eng. A 622, 61 (2015). DOI URL
[57]	A. Nagao, K. Hayashi, K. Oi, S. Mitao, ISIJ Int. 52, 213 (2012). DOI URL
[58]	F.G. Wei, T.K. Hara, Adv. Mater.(2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17665-4_11.
[59]	Y.S. Chen, H.Z. Lu, J.T. Laing,Science 367, 171 (2020). DOI URL
[60]	R.J. Shi, Y. Ma, Z.D. Wang, Acta Metall. 200, 686 (2020).
[61]	M. Masoumi, L.P.M. Santos, I.N. Bastos, S.S.M. Tavares, M.J.G. da Silva, H.F.G. de Abreu, Mater. Des. 91, 90 (2016). DOI URL
[62]	V. Venegas, F. Caleyo, T. Baudin, J.H. Espina-hernández, J.M. Hallen, Corros. Sci. 53, 4204 (2011). DOI URL
[63]	M.T. Ma, Advanced Automotive Steel(Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, 2008), pp. 375-399.
[64]	S.M. Lee, J.Y. Lee, Acta Metall. 35, 2695 (1987). DOI URL
[65]	J. Takahashi, K. Kawakami, Y. Kobayashia, T. Taruib, Scr. Mater. 63, 261 (2010). DOI URL
[66]	F.G. Wei, K. Tsuzaki, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 37, 331 (2006). DOI URL
[67]	Y.C. Lin, I.E. McCarroll, Y.T. Lin, W.C. Chung, J.M. Cairney, H.W. Yen, Acta Mater. 196, 516 (2020).
[68]	Y. Si, Y.S. Tang, X. Zhou, K.J. Li, Y.L. Ma, M.T. Ma, Automob. Technol. Mater. 6, 16 (2022).
[69]	J. Lee, T. Lee, Y.J. Kwon, D.J. Mun, J.Y. Yoo, C.S. Lee, Met. Mater. Int. 22, 364 (2016). DOI URL
[70]	Q.L. Yong, The Second Phase in Iron and Steel (Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing, 2006), pp. 146-147.
[71]	M.T. Ma, Z.G. Li, Spec. Steel 10, 11 (2001).
[72]	J. Yoo, M.C. Jo, M.C. Jo, S. Kim, J. Oh, J. Bian, S.S. Sohn, S. Lee, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 791, 139763 (2020). DOI URL
[73]	X. Jin, L. Xu, W. Yu, K. Yao, J. Shi, M. Wang, Corros. Sci. 166, 108421 (2020). DOI URL
[74]	B. Zhang, J. Su, M. Wang, Z. Liu, Z. Yang, M. Militzer, H. Chen, Acta Mater. 208, 116744 (2021). DOI URL
[75]	Y. Zhang, W. Hui, X. Zhao, C. Wang, W. Cao, H. Dong, Eng. Fail. Anal. 97, 605 (2019). DOI URL
[76]	J. Han, J.H. Nam, Y.K. Lee, Acta Mater. 113, 1 (2016). DOI URL
[77]	M.R. Louthan Jr., R.G. Derrick, Corros. Sci. 15, 565 (1975). DOI URL
[78]	M.T. Ma, Heat Treat. 29, 1 (2014).
[79]	X. Zhu, W. Li, H.S. Zhao, L. Wang, X.J. Jin, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 39, 13031 (2014).
[80]	J. Yoo, M.C. Jo, D.W. Kim, H. Song, M. Koo, S.S. Sohn, S. Lee, Acta Mater. 196, 370 (2020). DOI URL
[81]	G.E. Totten. Handbook of Residual Stress and Deformation of Steel (ASM international, 2002).
[82]	V. Renzo, M.T. Michele, B. Linda, S. Corsinovi, D.C Daniele,Hydrogen Induced Delayed Fracture in hot Stamped Al-Si Coated Boron Steels, in 7th International Conference Hot Sheet Metal Forming of High-performance Steel June2-5, (Lulea, Sweden, 2019), p. 191-200.
[83]	M.T. Ma, Y.S. Zhang,Research progress in Hot Stamping of Ultra-High Strength Steel, Automotive Advanced Manufacturing Technology Tracking Research 2016(Beijing Institute of Technology Press, Beijing, 2016), pp. 15-75.
[84]	S.M. Myers, S.T. Picraux, J. Appl. Phys. 50, 5710 (1979). DOI URL
[85]	A.I. Shirley, C.K. Hall, Scr. Mater. 17, 1003 (1983).
[86]	W.Y. Choo, J.Y. Lee, Metall. Trans. A 13, 135 (1982). DOI URL
[87]	I. Maroef, D.L. Olson, M. Eberhart, G.R. Edwards, Metall. Rev. 47, 191 (2002). DOI URL
[88]	F.G. Wei, T. Hara, K. Tsuzaki, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 35, 587 (2004). DOI URL
[89]	S.M. Lee, J.Y. Lee, Metall. Trans. A 17, 181 (1986). DOI URL
[90]	Y.D. Park, I.S. Maroef, D.L. Olson, Weld. J. 81, 7 (2002).