金属学报英文版 ›› 2020, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (6): 759-773.DOI: 10.1007/s40195-020-01039-7
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收稿日期:2019-10-08修回日期:2020-02-01出版日期:2020-06-10发布日期:2020-06-17
Review of Hydrogen Embrittlement in Metals: Hydrogen Diffusion, Hydrogen Characterization, Hydrogen Embrittlement Mechanism and Prevention
Xinfeng Li1,2(
), Xianfeng Ma1, Jin Zhang3, Eiji Akiyama4, Yanfei Wang5(), Xiaolong Song2
- 1Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
2State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials,Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
3Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
4Materials Design Division, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
5School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116,China
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Received:2019-10-08Revised:2020-02-01Online:2020-06-10Published:2020-06-17 -
Contact:Xinfeng Li,Yanfei Wang
引用本文
. [J]. 金属学报英文版, 2020, 33(6): 759-773.
Xinfeng Li, Xianfeng Ma, Jin Zhang, Eiji Akiyama, Yanfei Wang, Xiaolong Song. Review of Hydrogen Embrittlement in Metals: Hydrogen Diffusion, Hydrogen Characterization, Hydrogen Embrittlement Mechanism and Prevention[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2020, 33(6): 759-773.
Fig.1 a Hydrogen fugacity (fH2) for pure iron in 0.1 M NaOH with different additions of KCN [33]; b total hydrogen concentration of the 3.5NiCrMoV specimens charged electrochemically with hydrogen plotted to fit the regression line for charging in gaseous hydrogen [34]
Fig.1 a Hydrogen fugacity (fH2) for pure iron in 0.1 M NaOH with different additions of KCN [33]; b total hydrogen concentration of the 3.5NiCrMoV specimens charged electrochemically with hydrogen plotted to fit the regression line for charging in gaseous hydrogen [34]
Fig.2 Hydrogen traps in the steels [39]: a interstitial sites; b surface traps; c subsurface traps; d grain boundary traps; e dislocation traps; f vacancy traps
Fig.2 Hydrogen traps in the steels [39]: a interstitial sites; b surface traps; c subsurface traps; d grain boundary traps; e dislocation traps; f vacancy traps
Table 1 Activation energies of various hydrogen traps in steels [3]
| Trapping sites | Activation energy (kJ mol-1) |
|---|---|
| Reversible trapping sites | |
| Interstitial sites in iron | 4-8 |
| Dislocation | 26.4-26.8 |
| Lath boundary | 17.8-18.6 |
| Austenite/martensite | 22 |
| Grain boundary | 17.8-18.6 |
| NbC (coherent) | 39-48 |
| Irreversible trapping sites | |
| Ferrite/cementite interface | 66.3-68.4 |
| Fe3C interface | 84 |
| Al2O3 interface | 79 |
| MnS interface | 72 |
| NbC (incoherent) | 63-68 |
Table 1 Activation energies of various hydrogen traps in steels [3]
| Trapping sites | Activation energy (kJ mol-1) |
|---|---|
| Reversible trapping sites | |
| Interstitial sites in iron | 4-8 |
| Dislocation | 26.4-26.8 |
| Lath boundary | 17.8-18.6 |
| Austenite/martensite | 22 |
| Grain boundary | 17.8-18.6 |
| NbC (coherent) | 39-48 |
| Irreversible trapping sites | |
| Ferrite/cementite interface | 66.3-68.4 |
| Fe3C interface | 84 |
| Al2O3 interface | 79 |
| MnS interface | 72 |
| NbC (incoherent) | 63-68 |
Table 2 Hydrogen diffusion behavior parameter for some steels
| Type of steels | Grain size (μm) | Microstructure | Apparent hydrogen diffusion coefficient (m2 s-1) | Apparent hydrogen concentration (mol m-3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pure iron [ | - | Ferrite | 5.8 × 10-10 | 0.15 |
| 304 steels [ | - | Austenite | 7.37 × 10-16 | 32.51 |
| SAF2205 [ | - | Ferrite + Austenite | 3.0 × 10-15 | - |
| SAE1008 [ | 19 | Ferritic + carbides | 2.19 × 10-10 | 0.49 |
| PSB1080 [ | 13 | Martensite + bainite | 4.43 × 10-11 | 12.21 |
| 300 M [ | - | Martensite + austenite | 9.6 × 10-12 | - |
| PH17-4 [ | 27 | Martensite + Cu-rich precipitates | 2.18 × 10-12 | 1235 |
| PH13-8Mo [ | 23 | Martensite + NiAl precipitates | 9.42 × 10-12 | 561 |
Table 2 Hydrogen diffusion behavior parameter for some steels
| Type of steels | Grain size (μm) | Microstructure | Apparent hydrogen diffusion coefficient (m2 s-1) | Apparent hydrogen concentration (mol m-3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pure iron [ | - | Ferrite | 5.8 × 10-10 | 0.15 |
| 304 steels [ | - | Austenite | 7.37 × 10-16 | 32.51 |
| SAF2205 [ | - | Ferrite + Austenite | 3.0 × 10-15 | - |
| SAE1008 [ | 19 | Ferritic + carbides | 2.19 × 10-10 | 0.49 |
| PSB1080 [ | 13 | Martensite + bainite | 4.43 × 10-11 | 12.21 |
| 300 M [ | - | Martensite + austenite | 9.6 × 10-12 | - |
| PH17-4 [ | 27 | Martensite + Cu-rich precipitates | 2.18 × 10-12 | 1235 |
| PH13-8Mo [ | 23 | Martensite + NiAl precipitates | 9.42 × 10-12 | 561 |
Fig.3 A-C hydrogen concentration distribution in austenite phase and martensitic phase of QPT steel [55]. A 3DAPT map of a combined atom map of carbon and hydrogen of the as-charged specimen, where iso-concentration surface representing 2.5 at.% carbon is displayed in red. Carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms are represented by pink and green, respectively. The inserted map is the corresponding mass spectrum. B Atom maps of iron, manganese, silicon, carbon and hydrogen of the selected blue rectangle in A. C Average compositions of carbon and hydrogen along the marked cylinder in A. a-h: Hydrogen concentration distribution in matrix and carbides of QPT steel [6]. b, d, g are enlarged views showing carbon and hydrogen atom distribution as indicated in a, c, e; f is the carbon content along the blue cylinder in e; i average compositions of carbon and hydrogen along the blue cylinder in h. Carbon and hydrogen are represented by red and green, respectively
Fig.3 A-C hydrogen concentration distribution in austenite phase and martensitic phase of QPT steel [55]. A 3DAPT map of a combined atom map of carbon and hydrogen of the as-charged specimen, where iso-concentration surface representing 2.5 at.% carbon is displayed in red. Carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms are represented by pink and green, respectively. The inserted map is the corresponding mass spectrum. B Atom maps of iron, manganese, silicon, carbon and hydrogen of the selected blue rectangle in A. C Average compositions of carbon and hydrogen along the marked cylinder in A. a-h: Hydrogen concentration distribution in matrix and carbides of QPT steel [6]. b, d, g are enlarged views showing carbon and hydrogen atom distribution as indicated in a, c, e; f is the carbon content along the blue cylinder in e; i average compositions of carbon and hydrogen along the blue cylinder in h. Carbon and hydrogen are represented by red and green, respectively
Fig.4 a SE image of specimen immersed in Ag decoration solution with hydrogen charging; a' magnified image of yellow rectangle area in a [59]
Fig.4 a SE image of specimen immersed in Ag decoration solution with hydrogen charging; a' magnified image of yellow rectangle area in a [59]
Table 3 Similarities and differences of different hydrogen characterization methods
| Method | Temperature | Sample scale | Hydrogen concentration type | Mark | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average hydrogen concentration | GM | 45 °C | mm-scale | Diffusible hydrogen | |
| IGFHCM | > Melting point | mm-scale | Diffusible and non-diffusible hydrogen | ||
| TDS | 600-1000 °C | mm-scale | Diffusible and non-diffusible hydrogen | Hydrogen trap activation energy | |
| Local hydrogen concentration | SIMS | Room temperature | μm-scale | Diffusible and non-diffusible hydrogen | Hydrogen and grain boundary interactions |
| HMT | Room temperature | μm-scale | Diffusible and non-diffusible hydrogen | Hydrogen and microstructure interactions | |
| APT | Low temperature | nm-scale | Diffusible and non-diffusible hydrogen | Hydrogen and precipitates interactions |
Table 3 Similarities and differences of different hydrogen characterization methods
| Method | Temperature | Sample scale | Hydrogen concentration type | Mark | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average hydrogen concentration | GM | 45 °C | mm-scale | Diffusible hydrogen | |
| IGFHCM | > Melting point | mm-scale | Diffusible and non-diffusible hydrogen | ||
| TDS | 600-1000 °C | mm-scale | Diffusible and non-diffusible hydrogen | Hydrogen trap activation energy | |
| Local hydrogen concentration | SIMS | Room temperature | μm-scale | Diffusible and non-diffusible hydrogen | Hydrogen and grain boundary interactions |
| HMT | Room temperature | μm-scale | Diffusible and non-diffusible hydrogen | Hydrogen and microstructure interactions | |
| APT | Low temperature | nm-scale | Diffusible and non-diffusible hydrogen | Hydrogen and precipitates interactions |
Fig.5 Schematic diagrams of HE mechanisms. a HIPT [64]: hydrogen-induced phase transformation theory; b HEDE [64]: hydrogen-enhanced decohesion mechanism; c HELP [64]: hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity mechanism; d NVC [5]: nanovoid coalescence mechanism; e HEDE + HELP [5]: combined effect of hydrogen-enhanced decohesion mechanism and hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity mechanism
Fig.5 Schematic diagrams of HE mechanisms. a HIPT [64]: hydrogen-induced phase transformation theory; b HEDE [64]: hydrogen-enhanced decohesion mechanism; c HELP [64]: hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity mechanism; d NVC [5]: nanovoid coalescence mechanism; e HEDE + HELP [5]: combined effect of hydrogen-enhanced decohesion mechanism and hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity mechanism
Fig.6 a Hydrogen-induced intergranular fracture in Ni [23]; b dependence of grain boundary bonding energy on hydrogen concentration in Al [69]; c slip traces on intergranular fracture of hydrogenated Ni-201 [23]; d dislocation cells beneath hydrogen-induced intergranular fracture of Ni-201 [23]
Fig.6 a Hydrogen-induced intergranular fracture in Ni [23]; b dependence of grain boundary bonding energy on hydrogen concentration in Al [69]; c slip traces on intergranular fracture of hydrogenated Ni-201 [23]; d dislocation cells beneath hydrogen-induced intergranular fracture of Ni-201 [23]
Fig.7 a Dislocation configuration of hydrogen-uncharged and hydrogen-charged Al [28]; b stress-strain curve of Al, Al-H and Al-VaH complex [28]. HU hydrogen-uncharged, HC hydrogen-charged, Al-VaH Al-hydrogen vacancy complex
Fig.7 a Dislocation configuration of hydrogen-uncharged and hydrogen-charged Al [28]; b stress-strain curve of Al, Al-H and Al-VaH complex [28]. HU hydrogen-uncharged, HC hydrogen-charged, Al-VaH Al-hydrogen vacancy complex
Fig.8 Schematic diagram of hydrogen atom evolution and HE failure [87]
Fig.8 Schematic diagram of hydrogen atom evolution and HE failure [87]
Fig.9 Dependence of hydrogen diffusion coefficient of various films on temperatures [88]
Fig.9 Dependence of hydrogen diffusion coefficient of various films on temperatures [88]
Fig.10 a Ni film cracking at 8% strain (1 MPa hydrogen gas, - 50°) [87]; b Cu film defects, 1 micropores; 2 cracks; 3 voids [87]; c non-densely spherical structure Al film [87]
Fig.10 a Ni film cracking at 8% strain (1 MPa hydrogen gas, - 50°) [87]; b Cu film defects, 1 micropores; 2 cracks; 3 voids [87]; c non-densely spherical structure Al film [87]
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