Friction and Wear Behavior of AlTiN-Coated Carbide Balls Against SKD11 Hardened Steel at Elevated Temperatures

doi:10.1007/s40195-018-0753-1

Abstract

Abstract:

In this study, AlTiN coatings were deposited on YT14 cemented carbide balls by arc ion plating technique. The friction and wear behavior of the AlTiN-coated balls against SKD11 hardened steel was investigated by sliding tests using a ball-on-disk tribometer at various temperatures from 25 to 700 °C in air. The results showed that the friction and wear behavior was significantly influenced by the testing temperature. Obvious fluctuations were observed in the friction curves at elevated temperatures, which could be attributed to the formation and rupture of unstable Fe and Cr oxide layers. As the temperature increased from 25 to 500 °C, the wear rate of the coated balls increased from the scale of 10^-21-10^-20 m³/N m, and then decreased to 10^-22 m³/N m as the temperature further increased to 700 °C. It was also found that the friction and wear behavior of the coated balls was directly dependent on the counterpart materials. As the temperature increased, the main wear mechanism of the coated balls changed from mild abrasive wear and adhesive wear to abrasive wear failure at 500 °C, and then transferred to adhesive wear and mild oxidation wear at 700 °C. For SKD11 hardened steel, the primary wear mechanism changed from delamination wear to abrasive wear and then transferred to plastic deformation and fatigue wear, accompanied by adhesive wear and tribo-oxidation wear.

Key words: AlTiN, SKD11 hardened steel, Elevated temperatures, Friction and wear

Rui Wang, Hai-Juan Mei, Ren-Suo Li, Quan Zhang, Teng-Fei Zhang, Qi-Min Wang. Friction and Wear Behavior of AlTiN-Coated Carbide Balls Against SKD11 Hardened Steel at Elevated Temperatures[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 2018, 31(10): 1073-1083.

Figures/Tables 14

Table 1 Deposition parameters of the AlTiN coating

Parameters	Ar glow discharge	CrN adhesion layer	AlTiN layer
Bias voltage (V)	-?1000	-?120	-?120
Flow rate (sccm)	300 (Ar)	140 (N₂)	300 (N₂)
Working pressure (Pa)	2.0	0.5	1.2
Cathode current (A)	0	100	80
Time (min)	30	10	60

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of our high-temperature ball-on-disk tribological test

Table 2 Chemical composition and hardness of the SKD11 hardened steel [21]

Material	Hardness	Chemical composition (at.%)
Material	Hardness	Cr	C	Mo	Mn	Si	V	P
SKD11	62 HRC	11.0-13.0	1.4-1.6	0.7-1.2	≤?0.6	≤?0.6	0.15-0.3	<?0.03

Fig. 2 a Surface morphology, b cross-section SEM morphology and c X-ray diffraction pattern of the AlTiN coating onto the cemented carbide substrate

Table 3 Chemical composition and mechanical properties of the AlTiN coating

Coating	Chemical composition (at.%)	Thickness (μm)	Hardness (GPa)	Elastic modulus (GPa)	Adhesion strength (N)
	Al (29.65)
AlTiN	Ti (15.39)	4.0?±?0.2	33.3?±?1.6	483.5?±?30.1	48.5?±?0.8
	N (54.96)

Fig. 3 Friction coefficient of the AlTiN-coated balls against SKD11 hardened steel at different temperatures

Fig. 4 Hardnesses of the AlTiN coating and SKD11 hardened steel after friction tests at various temperatures

Fig. 5 Chemical composition of the coated ball outside the wear scar analyzed by EDS

Fig. 6 Optical images of the wear scar of AlTiN-coated balls after friction tests at different temperatures: a 25 °C, b 300 °C, c 500 °C, d 700 °C

Fig. 7 a Wear scar depth and b wear rate of the AlTiN-coated balls after friction tests at different temperatures

Fig. 8 SEM micrographs and EDS analysis of the wear track of SKD11 hardened steel at 25 °C

Fig. 9 SEM micrographs and EDS analysis of the wear track of SKD11 hardened steel at 300 °C

Fig. 10 SEM micrographs and EDS analysis of the wear track of SKD11 hardened steel at 500 °C

Fig. 11 SEM micrographs and EDS analysis of the wear track of SKD11 hardened steel at 700 °C

References

[1]	C.W. Kim, K.H. Kim, Thin Solid Films 307, 113 (1997)
[2]	Y.C. Chim, X.Z. Ding, X.T. Zeng, S. Zhang, Thin Solid Films 517, 4845 (2009)
[3]	H.C. Barshilia, M.S. Prakash, A. Jain, K.S. Rajam, Vacuum 77, 169 (2005)
[4]	J. Oliveira, A. Manaia, A. Cavaleiro, Thin Solid Films 516, 5032 (2008)
[5]	S. Sveen, J.M. Andersson, R. MSaoubi, M. Olsson, Wear 308, 133 (2013)
[6]	A.F. Rousseau, J.G. Partridge, E.L.H. Mayes, J.T. Toton, M. Kracica, D.G. McCulloch, E.D. Doyle, Surf. Coat. Technol. 272, 403(2015)
[7]	Z.P. Huang, Y. Sun, T. Bell, Wear 173, 13 (1994)
[8]	M.A. Shalaby, M.A. El Hakim, M.M. Abdelhameed, J.E. Krzanowski, S.C. Veldhuis, G.K. Dosbaeva, Tribol. Int. 70, 148(2014)
[9]	S.Y. Yoon, J.K. Kim, K.H. Kim, Surf. Coat. Technol. 161, 237(2002)
[10]	H. Ohnuma, N. Nihira, A. Mitsuo, K. Toyoda, K. Kubota, T. Aizawa, Surf. Coat. Technol. 177, 623(2004)
[11]	J.L. Mo, M.H. Zhu, B. Lei, Y.X. Leng, N. Huang, Wear 263, 1423 (2007)
[12]	T. Polcar, A. Cavaleiro, Surf. Coat. Technol. 206, 1244(2011)
[13]	T. Polcar, N.M.G. Parreira, R. Novák, Surf. Coat. Technol. 201, 5228(2007)
[14]	J.X. Deng, A.H. Liu, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 41, 241(2013)
[15]	Z.T. Wu, P. Sun, Z.B. Qi, B.B. Wei, Z.C. Wang, Vacuum 135, 34 (2017)
[16]	Z.B. Qi, P. Sun, F.P. Zhu, Z.T. Wu, B. Lin, Z.C. Wang, D.L. Peng, C.H. Wu, Surf. Coat. Technol. 231, 267(2013)
[17]	D.J. Kong, H.Y. Guo, Tribol. Int. 88, 31(2015)
[18]	C.Y. Wang, F. Ding, D.W. Tang, L.J. Zheng, S.Y. Li, Y.X. Xie, Int. J. Mach. Tool Manuf. 108, 13(2016)
[19]	B.J. Xiao, Y. Chen, W. Dai, K.Y. Kwork, T.F. Zhang, Q.M. Wang, C.Y. Wang, K.H. Kim, Surf. Coat. Technol. 311, 98(2017)
[20]	Q. Luo, Wear 271, 2058 (2011)
[21]	C.Y. Wang, Y.X. Xie, L.J. Zheng, Z. Qin, D.W. Tang, Y.X. Song, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf 79, 31 (2014)
[22]	S.H. Zhang, L. Wang, Q.M. Wang, M.X. Li, Surf. Coat. Technol. 214, 160(2013)
[23]	J. Pelleg, L.Z. Zevin, S. Lungo, Thin Solid Films 197, 117 (1991)
[24]	Q.X. Fan, T.G. Wang, Y.M. Liu, Z.H. Wu, T. Zhang, T. Li, Z.B. Yang, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 29, 1119(2016)
[25]	H.C. Zhao, Y.B. Ren, J.H. Dong, X.M. Fan, K. Yang, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.) 29, 217(2016)
[26]	Y.S. Hong, S.H. Kwon, T.G. Wang, D.I. Kim, J. Choi, K.H. Kim, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 21, S62 (2011)
[27]	C.J. Huang, W.Y. Li, M.P. Plance, H.L. Liao, G. Montavon, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 33, 507(2017)
[28]	M.H. Staia, Y. Pérez-Delgado, C. Sanchez, A. Castro, E. Le Bourhis, E.S. Puchi-Cabrera, Wear 267, 1452 (2009)
[29]	F. Ding, D.W. Tang, C.Y. Wang, F.L. Zhang, L.J. Zheng, Trans. Nanjing Univ. Aeronaut. Astronaut. 34, 380(2017)
[30]	A.H. Liu, J.X. Deng, H.B. Cui, Y.Y. Chen, J. Zhao, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mat. 31, 82(2012)
[31]	S.T. Oktay, N.P. Suh, Trans. ASME J. Tribol. 114, 379(1992)